[RFC] Fix div/mul crash and more undefined behavior

The INT_MIN / -1 crash problem was partially addressed in 2006 and
commit 9fc6f4e1ae107f44807c4906105e1f7eb052ecb1.

http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-patches/2006-06/msg00102.php

However, the fix is incomplete and incorrect for some cases.

64-bit crash
============

Below is an example that crashes PostgreSQL on Windows, using the
64-bit binary from http://www.postgresql.org/download/windows/.

SELECT ((-9223372036854775808)::int8) % (-1);

Note that the previous discussion concluded that int8 (64-bit)
division didn't crash, which is incorrect.

http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-patches/2006-06/msg00104.php

My guess is that the previous test was carried out on a 32-bit
Windows, where there's no 64-bit division instruction. In that
case, the generated code calls a runtime function (e.g., lldiv),
which doesn't trap. However, on a 64-bit system, the compiler
generates the idivq instruction, which leads to a crash.

Note that the problem is not limited to division. The following
multiplication crashes as well:

SELECT ((-9223372036854775808)::int8) * ((-1)::int8);

The reason is that the multiplication overflow check uses a division.

32-bit crash
============

The previous fix doesn't fix all possible crashes, even on a 32-bit
Windows. Below is an example to crash a 32-bit PostgreSQL:

SELECT ((-2147483648)::int4) % ((-1)::int2);

Portability
===========

The previous fix uses #ifdef WIN32 ... #endif, which is not portable,
as noted below:

http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-patches/2006-06/msg00103.php

Using a SIGFPE handler is also dangerous (e.g., causing an infinite
loop sometimes):

https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/seccode/SIG35-C.+Do+not+return+from+SIGSEGV,+SIGILL,+or+SIGFPE+signal+handlers

Strictly speaking, using postcondition checking to detect signed
division overflows (actually, all signed integer overflows) violates
the C language standard, because signed integer overflow is undefined
behavior in C and we cannot first compute the result and then check
for overflow. Compilers can do a lot of funny and crazy things
(e.g., generating traps or even optimizing away overflow checks).

BTW, PostgreSQL currently uses gcc's workaround option -fwrapv to
disable offending optimizations based on integer overflows. The
problems are: (1) it doesn't always work (e.g., for division), and
(2) many other C compilers do not even support this workaround
option and can perform offending optimizations.

Patching
========

Below is a patch that fixes division crashes. It removes #ifdef WIN32
and tries to use portable checks. I'll send more (e.g., for fixing
multiplication crashes) if this looks good.

I understand that the existing integer overflow checks tried to
avoid dependency on constants like INT64_MIN. But I'm not sure how
to perform simpler and portable overflow checks without using such
constants.

Also, I could use the SHRT_MIN rather than introducing INT16_MIN; I just
feel like using INT16_MIN with int16 is clearer and less confusing.

diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/int.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/int.c
index 9f752ed..d7867cb 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/int.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/int.c
@@ -732,30 +732,18 @@ int4div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 		PG_RETURN_NULL();
 	}

-#ifdef WIN32
-
 	/*
-	 * Win32 doesn't throw a catchable exception for SELECT -2147483648 /
-	 * (-1); -- INT_MIN
+	 * Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 =
+	 * INT32_MIN, arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT32_MIN, which
+	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.
 	 */
-	if (arg2 == -1 && arg1 == INT_MIN)
+	if (arg1 == INT32_MIN && arg2 == -1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
 				 errmsg("integer out of range")));
-#endif

result = arg1 / arg2;

- /*
- * Overflow check. The only possible overflow case is for arg1 = INT_MIN,
- * arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT_MIN, which can't be
- * represented on a two's-complement machine. Most machines produce
- * INT_MIN but it seems some produce zero.
- */
- if (arg2 == -1 && arg1 < 0 && result <= 0)
- ereport(ERROR,
- (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
- errmsg("integer out of range")));
PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}

@@ -877,18 +865,17 @@ int2div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
PG_RETURN_NULL();
}

-	result = arg1 / arg2;
-
-	/*
-	 * Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 =
-	 * SHRT_MIN, arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -SHRT_MIN, which can't
-	 * be represented on a two's-complement machine.  Most machines produce
-	 * SHRT_MIN but it seems some produce zero.
+	/* Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 =
+	 * INT16_MIN, arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT16_MIN, which
+	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.
 	 */
-	if (arg2 == -1 && arg1 < 0 && result <= 0)
+	if (arg1 == INT16_MIN && arg2 == -1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
 				 errmsg("smallint out of range")));
+
+	result = arg1 / arg2;
+
 	PG_RETURN_INT16(result);
 }

@@ -1065,18 +1052,18 @@ int42div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
PG_RETURN_NULL();
}

-	result = arg1 / arg2;
-
 	/*
-	 * Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 = INT_MIN,
-	 * arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT_MIN, which can't be
-	 * represented on a two's-complement machine.  Most machines produce
-	 * INT_MIN but it seems some produce zero.
+	 * Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 =
+	 * INT32_MIN, arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT32_MIN, which
+	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.
 	 */
-	if (arg2 == -1 && arg1 < 0 && result <= 0)
+	if (arg1 == INT32_MIN && arg2 == -1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
 				 errmsg("integer out of range")));
+
+	result = arg1 / arg2;
+
 	PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
 }

diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/int8.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/int8.c
index 59c110b..83531ad 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/int8.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/int8.c
@@ -598,18 +598,18 @@ int8div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 		PG_RETURN_NULL();
 	}

-	result = arg1 / arg2;
-
 	/*
 	 * Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 =
 	 * INT64_MIN, arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT64_MIN, which
-	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.	Most machines
-	 * produce INT64_MIN but it seems some produce zero.
+	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.
 	 */
-	if (arg2 == -1 && arg1 < 0 && result <= 0)
+	if (arg1 == INT64_MIN && arg2 == -1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
 				 errmsg("bigint out of range")));
+
+	result = arg1 / arg2;
+
 	PG_RETURN_INT64(result);
 }

@@ -838,18 +838,18 @@ int84div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
PG_RETURN_NULL();
}

-	result = arg1 / arg2;
-
 	/*
 	 * Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 =
 	 * INT64_MIN, arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT64_MIN, which
-	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.	Most machines
-	 * produce INT64_MIN but it seems some produce zero.
+	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.
 	 */
-	if (arg2 == -1 && arg1 < 0 && result <= 0)
+	if (arg1 == INT64_MIN && arg2 == -1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
 				 errmsg("bigint out of range")));
+
+	result = arg1 / arg2;
+
 	PG_RETURN_INT64(result);
 }

@@ -1026,18 +1026,18 @@ int82div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
PG_RETURN_NULL();
}

-	result = arg1 / arg2;
-
 	/*
 	 * Overflow check.	The only possible overflow case is for arg1 =
 	 * INT64_MIN, arg2 = -1, where the correct result is -INT64_MIN, which
-	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.	Most machines
-	 * produce INT64_MIN but it seems some produce zero.
+	 * can't be represented on a two's-complement machine.
 	 */
-	if (arg2 == -1 && arg1 < 0 && result <= 0)
+	if (arg1 == INT64_MIN && arg2 == -1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
 				 errmsg("bigint out of range")));
+
+	result = arg1 / arg2;
+
 	PG_RETURN_INT64(result);
 }

diff --git a/src/include/c.h b/src/include/c.h
index a6c0e6e..547a188 100644
--- a/src/include/c.h
+++ b/src/include/c.h
@@ -294,6 +294,29 @@ typedef unsigned long long int uint64;
 #define UINT64CONST(x) ((uint64) x)
 #endif

+#ifndef INT16_MAX
+#define INT16_MAX 32767
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT16_MIN
+#define INT16_MIN (-INT16_MAX-1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT32_MAX
+#define INT32_MAX 2147483647
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT32_MIN
+#define INT32_MIN (-INT32_MAX-1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT64_MAX
+#define INT64_MAX INT64CONST(9223372036854775807)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT64_MIN
+#define INT64_MIN (-INT64_MAX-1)
+#endif

/* Select timestamp representation (float8 or int64) */
#ifdef USE_INTEGER_DATETIMES