[Proposal] Add foreign-server health checks infrastructure

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index aac10165ec..0c4d61a34c 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index e07cc57431..eb9c4f3f05 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +840,51 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	/* should we start checking timeout? */
+	bool first_exec = HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+
+	if (first_exec && remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * Note that this function will not return anything.
+ * Callback functions must throw ereport(ERROR) if disconnection has been detected.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether any callbacks has been registered.
+ */
+bool
+HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	return fdw_callbacks != NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
index 89a5f901aa..31e39b6cbf 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
@@ -1159,7 +1159,6 @@ pq_startmsgread(void)
 		ereport(FATAL,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROTOCOL_VIOLATION),
 				 errmsg("terminating connection because protocol synchronization was lost")));
-
 	PqCommReadingMsg = true;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 0775abe35d..d7890b5307 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "commands/async.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -349,6 +350,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -455,6 +457,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -2708,6 +2711,13 @@ start_xact_command(void)
 		!get_timeout_active(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT))
 		enable_timeout_after(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 							 client_connection_check_interval);
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		IsUnderPostmaster &&
+		MyProcPort &&
+		HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks() &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -3213,6 +3223,24 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages.
+		 */
+		InterruptPending = true;
+	}
+	else if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+		if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+			enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+	}
+
 	if (ClientConnectionLost)
 	{
 		QueryCancelPending = false; /* lost connection trumps QueryCancel */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 381d9e548d..15b0c2727b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 78bc64671e..fcf5d24248 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -615,6 +616,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1245,6 +1247,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index e91d5a3cfd..24172de7a9 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3583,6 +3585,17 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 1cbc9feeb6..9b70761d9c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 8169eb76b1..98f59c1153 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,20 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+extern bool HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 90a3016065..377fc68aaa 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 2cbc5de4d9..ceb6b1c12c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index aac10165ec..0c4d61a34c 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index e07cc57431..eb9c4f3f05 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +840,51 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	/* should we start checking timeout? */
+	bool first_exec = HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+
+	if (first_exec && remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * Note that this function will not return anything.
+ * Callback functions must throw ereport(ERROR) if disconnection has been detected.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether any callbacks has been registered.
+ */
+bool
+HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	return fdw_callbacks != NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
index 9ebba025cc..5130a8340b 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
@@ -1171,7 +1171,6 @@ pq_startmsgread(void)
 		ereport(FATAL,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROTOCOL_VIOLATION),
 				 errmsg("terminating connection because protocol synchronization was lost")));
-
 	PqCommReadingMsg = true;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 0775abe35d..d7890b5307 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "commands/async.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -349,6 +350,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -455,6 +457,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -2708,6 +2711,13 @@ start_xact_command(void)
 		!get_timeout_active(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT))
 		enable_timeout_after(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 							 client_connection_check_interval);
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		IsUnderPostmaster &&
+		MyProcPort &&
+		HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks() &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -3213,6 +3223,24 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages.
+		 */
+		InterruptPending = true;
+	}
+	else if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+		if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+			enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+	}
+
 	if (ClientConnectionLost)
 	{
 		QueryCancelPending = false; /* lost connection trumps QueryCancel */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 381d9e548d..15b0c2727b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 646126edee..5962b1e395 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -621,6 +622,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1250,6 +1252,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index e91d5a3cfd..1faeb59b87 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3583,6 +3585,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 1cbc9feeb6..9b70761d9c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 8169eb76b1..98f59c1153 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,20 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+extern bool HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 90a3016065..377fc68aaa 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 2cbc5de4d9..ceb6b1c12c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 4aff315b7c..30becdeddb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ static void pgfdw_abort_cleanup(ConnCacheEntry *entry, const char *sql,
 								bool toplevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+		RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(pgfdw_connection_check, NULL);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -1638,3 +1640,66 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+
+/*
+ * Callback function for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Note that this might be expensive because create and wait
+ * eventset many times.
+ */
+void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void *args)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+
+	/* Exit immediately if hash is not initialized. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+					errmsg("foreign server \"%s\"disconnected due to the health-check failure",
+							server->servername),
+					errdetail("Foreign server might be down."),
+					errhint("Please check the server and network health."));
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * helper fucntion for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 90b72e9ec5..4630ca05d7 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern void pgfdw_connection_check(void *args);
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index aac10165ec..0c4d61a34c 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index e07cc57431..eb9c4f3f05 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +840,51 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	/* should we start checking timeout? */
+	bool first_exec = HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+
+	if (first_exec && remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * Note that this function will not return anything.
+ * Callback functions must throw ereport(ERROR) if disconnection has been detected.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether any callbacks has been registered.
+ */
+bool
+HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	return fdw_callbacks != NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
index 9ebba025cc..5130a8340b 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
@@ -1171,7 +1171,6 @@ pq_startmsgread(void)
 		ereport(FATAL,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROTOCOL_VIOLATION),
 				 errmsg("terminating connection because protocol synchronization was lost")));
-
 	PqCommReadingMsg = true;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 0775abe35d..d7890b5307 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "commands/async.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -349,6 +350,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -455,6 +457,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -2708,6 +2711,13 @@ start_xact_command(void)
 		!get_timeout_active(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT))
 		enable_timeout_after(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 							 client_connection_check_interval);
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		IsUnderPostmaster &&
+		MyProcPort &&
+		HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks() &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -3213,6 +3223,24 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages.
+		 */
+		InterruptPending = true;
+	}
+	else if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+		if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+			enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+	}
+
 	if (ClientConnectionLost)
 	{
 		QueryCancelPending = false; /* lost connection trumps QueryCancel */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 381d9e548d..15b0c2727b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 646126edee..5962b1e395 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -621,6 +622,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1250,6 +1252,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index e91d5a3cfd..1faeb59b87 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3583,6 +3585,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 1cbc9feeb6..9b70761d9c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 8169eb76b1..98f59c1153 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,20 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+extern bool HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 90a3016065..377fc68aaa 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 2cbc5de4d9..ceb6b1c12c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index aac10165ec..0c4d61a34c 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index e07cc57431..eb9c4f3f05 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +840,51 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	/* should we start checking timeout? */
+	bool first_exec = HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+
+	if (first_exec && remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * Note that this function will not return anything.
+ * Callback functions must throw ereport(ERROR) if disconnection has been detected.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether any callbacks has been registered.
+ */
+bool
+HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	return fdw_callbacks != NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
index 9ebba025cc..5130a8340b 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
@@ -1171,7 +1171,6 @@ pq_startmsgread(void)
 		ereport(FATAL,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROTOCOL_VIOLATION),
 				 errmsg("terminating connection because protocol synchronization was lost")));
-
 	PqCommReadingMsg = true;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 0775abe35d..ca5d50236b 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "commands/async.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -349,6 +350,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -455,6 +457,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -2708,6 +2711,13 @@ start_xact_command(void)
 		!get_timeout_active(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT))
 		enable_timeout_after(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 							 client_connection_check_interval);
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		IsUnderPostmaster &&
+		MyProcPort &&
+		HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks() &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -3213,6 +3223,27 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		if (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			* Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages.
+			*/
+			InterruptPending = true;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+			CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+			if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+				enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+										remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (ClientConnectionLost)
 	{
 		QueryCancelPending = false; /* lost connection trumps QueryCancel */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 381d9e548d..15b0c2727b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 646126edee..5962b1e395 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -621,6 +622,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1250,6 +1252,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index e91d5a3cfd..1faeb59b87 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3583,6 +3585,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 1cbc9feeb6..9b70761d9c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 8169eb76b1..98f59c1153 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,20 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+extern bool HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 90a3016065..377fc68aaa 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 2cbc5de4d9..ceb6b1c12c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index ab617c7b86..a93c73da2f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -1035,6 +1035,25 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
 
+     <varlistentry id="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval" xreflabel="remote_servers_connection_check_interval">
+      <term><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+        Sets the time interval between optional checks that the remote servers
+        are still alive. If this parameter is set to a valid value, registered
+        callback functions are executed at the specified time interval.
+        If your FDW extension does not implement a callback function, nothing
+        happens after the specified amount of time. If the value is specified
+        without units, it is taken as milliseconds. The default value is
+        <literal>0</literal>, this means the feature is disabled.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
      </variablelist>
      </sect2>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index dbf5dd3d15..df52c53ae6 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2136,4 +2136,26 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-checking-remote-servers">
+    <title>Checking the Health of Remote Servers via Foreign Data Wrapper</title>
+
+    <para>
+     For verifying the health of remote servers, callback functions can be
+     registered that runs periodically. The time interval is controlled by
+     <xref linkend="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval"/>.
+     The API for registering functions is:
+    <programlisting>
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+    </programlisting>
+    Only functions that return void can be registered as callback functions.
+    Please set to void* arg a pointer if you want to pass an argument.
+    If you have problems with the health check results and want to
+    abort the transaction, please execute <function>ereport(ERROR)</function>
+    in the callback function.
+    </para>
+
+   </sect1>
+
+
  </chapter>

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index aac10165ec..0c4d61a34c 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index e07cc57431..d6a6d3d215 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "access/htup_details.h"
 #include "access/reloptions.h"
+#include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_foreign_data_wrapper.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_foreign_server.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_foreign_table.h"
@@ -26,7 +27,13 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
+static bool isRegistered = false;
+static void UnregisterCheckingCallbacks(XactEvent event, void *arg);
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +843,144 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	/* should we start checking timeout? */
+	bool shouldStart = !HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+							   sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+
+	if (shouldStart && remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+
+	if (!isRegistered)
+	{
+		RegisterXactCallback(UnregisterCheckingCallbacks, NULL);
+		isRegistered = true;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+UnregisterCheckingCallbacks(XactEvent event, void *arg)
+{
+	if (event != XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT &&
+		event != XACT_EVENT_PRE_PREPARE)
+		UnregisterAllCheckingRemoteServersCallback();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Unregister the specified callback.
+ */
+void
+UnregisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+										void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *prev;
+
+	prev = NULL;
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; prev = item, item = item->next)
+	{
+		if (item->callback == callback && item->arg == arg)
+		{
+			if (prev)
+				prev->next = item->next;
+			else
+				fdw_callbacks = item->next;
+			pfree(item);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks() &&
+		get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Unregister all callbacks.
+ *
+ * This function is called when commit/abort any transactions.
+ */
+void
+UnregisterAllCheckingRemoteServersCallback(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	item = fdw_callbacks;
+	while (item)
+	{
+		CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+		next = item->next;
+		pfree(item);
+		item = next;
+	}
+	fdw_callbacks = NULL;
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * Note that this function will not return anything.
+ * Callback functions must throw ereport(ERROR)
+ * if disconnection has been detected.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether any callbacks has been registered.
+ */
+bool
+HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	return fdw_callbacks != NULL;
+}
+
+void
+assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+												void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if we don't have any callbacks */
+	if (!HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks())
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+	{
+		/* disable timeout if zero */
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in ProcessInterrupts().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 newval);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 82de01cdc6..de0ed3f7b6 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -350,6 +351,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -2709,6 +2712,13 @@ start_xact_command(void)
 		!get_timeout_active(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT))
 		enable_timeout_after(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 							 client_connection_check_interval);
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		IsUnderPostmaster &&
+		MyProcPort &&
+		HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks() &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -3214,6 +3224,27 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		if (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages.
+			 */
+			InterruptPending = true;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+			CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+
+			if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+				enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (ClientConnectionLost)
 	{
 		QueryCancelPending = false; /* lost connection trumps QueryCancel */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 381d9e548d..15b0c2727b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 7292e51f7d..3f936be326 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -621,6 +622,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1239,6 +1241,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index f736e8d872..763f8198e5 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3590,6 +3592,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index a1acd46b61..cad3c72336 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 8169eb76b1..a1e01d91e4 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,26 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+												  void *arg);
+extern void UnregisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+													void *arg);
+extern void UnregisterAllCheckingRemoteServersCallback(void);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+extern bool HaveCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+extern void assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+															void *extra);
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 90a3016065..377fc68aaa 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 2cbc5de4d9..ceb6b1c12c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index afbb6c35e3..08c372db63 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -1012,9 +1012,9 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
         the kernel reports that the connection is closed.
        </para>
        <para>
-        This option is currently available only on systems that support the
-        non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the
-        <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux.
+        This option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS, illumos
+        and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available
+        on other systems.
        </para>
        <para>
         If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
@@ -1035,6 +1035,25 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
 
+     <varlistentry id="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval" xreflabel="remote_servers_connection_check_interval">
+      <term><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+        Sets the time interval between optional checks that the remote servers
+        are still alive. If this parameter is set to a valid value, registered
+        callback functions are executed at the specified time interval.
+        If your FDW extension does not implement a callback function, nothing
+        happens after the specified amount of time. If the value is specified
+        without units, it is taken as milliseconds. The default value is
+        <literal>0</literal>, this means the feature is disabled.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
      </variablelist>
      </sect2>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index dbf5dd3d15..38e67730bf 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2136,4 +2136,28 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-checking-remote-servers">
+    <title>Checking the Health of Remote Servers via Foreign Data Wrapper</title>
+
+    <para>
+     For verifying the health of remote servers, callback functions can be
+     registered that runs periodically. The time interval is controlled by
+     <xref linkend="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval"/>.
+     The API for registering functions is:
+    <programlisting>
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+    </programlisting>
+     Only functions that return void can be registered as callback functions.
+     Please set to void* arg a pointer if you want to pass an argument.
+     If you have problems with the health check results and want to
+     abort the transaction, please execute <function>ereport(ERROR)</function>
+     in the callback function.
+     Note that callback functions will be released at end of each transaction.
+     Please register callback functions every time you connect to remote servers.
+    </para>
+
+   </sect1>
+
+
  </chapter>

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 4cd9818acf..870221fab4 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -1035,6 +1035,25 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
 
+     <varlistentry id="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval" xreflabel="remote_servers_connection_check_interval">
+      <term><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+        Sets the time interval between optional checks that the remote servers
+        are still alive. If this parameter is set to a valid value, registered
+        callback functions are executed at the specified time interval.
+        If your FDW extension does not implement a callback function, nothing
+        happens after the specified amount of time. If the value is specified
+        without units, it is taken as milliseconds. The default value is
+        <literal>0</literal>, this means the feature is disabled.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
      </variablelist>
      </sect2>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index dbf5dd3d15..f7482ab79f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2136,4 +2136,40 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-checking-remote-servers">
+    <title>Checking the Health of Remote Servers via Foreign Data Wrapper</title>
+
+    <para>
+     For verifying the health of remote servers, callback functions can be
+     registered that runs periodically. The time interval is controlled by
+     <xref linkend="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval"/>.
+     The API for registering functions is:
+    <programlisting>
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+    </programlisting>
+     Only functions that return void can be registered as callback functions.
+     Please set to void* arg a pointer if you want to pass an argument.
+     If you have problems with the health check results and want to
+     abort the transaction, please execute <function>ereport(ERROR)</function>
+     in the callback function.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+     Note that starting or stopping the periodic execution is FDW's responsibility.
+     If you want to start verification, the following function must be performed
+     after registering callback functions:
+     <programlisting>
+int
+TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(void)
+    </programlisting>
+     If you want to stop, the following function must be performed:
+     <programlisting>
+int
+TryDisableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(void)
+    </programlisting>
+    </para>
+
+   </sect1>
+
+
  </chapter>

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index baf328b620..996386fdd4 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index 294e22c78c..9622058aaa 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
+/* counter for keeping re-entrancy */
+static int timeout_counter = 0;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +842,98 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+							   sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * Note that this function will not return anything.
+ * Callback functions must throw ereport(ERROR)
+ * if disconnection has been detected.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Increment counter, and enable timeout if it has been not started yet.
+ */
+int
+TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(void)
+{
+	timeout_counter++;
+
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+
+	return timeout_counter;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decrement counter, and disable timeout if it is no more needed.
+ *
+ * This functions must be called after TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout().
+ */
+int
+TryDisableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(void)
+{
+	Assert(timeout_counter > 0);
+	timeout_counter--;
+
+	if (timeout_counter == 0 &&
+		get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+
+	return timeout_counter;
+}
+
+void
+assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+												void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if we don't have any callbacks */
+	if (fdw_callbacks == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in ProcessInterrupts().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if anyone wants to */
+	if (newval > 0 && timeout_counter > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, newval);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index fda2e9360e..60a7e91889 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -350,6 +351,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -3214,6 +3217,28 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		if (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages.
+			 */
+			InterruptPending = true;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+			if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+			{
+				CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+				enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (ClientConnectionLost)
 	{
 		QueryCancelPending = false; /* lost connection trumps QueryCancel */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index c26a1a73df..7efa9cff84 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 0236165f60..d828097076 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -621,6 +622,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1239,6 +1241,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index 4c94f09c64..fc64c2e63a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3600,6 +3602,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 817d5f5324..b97dc30514 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 75538110fc..76364ce8a3 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,24 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+												  void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern int TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(void);
+extern int TryDisableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+extern void assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+															void *extra);
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 02276d3edd..0319fe1605 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 099f91c61d..7f02a8b491 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index baf328b620..996386fdd4 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index 294e22c78c..9779eadf01 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
+/* counter for keeping re-entrancy */
+static int timeout_counter = 0;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +842,111 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+							   sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->counter = 0;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+
+	return item;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers if needed.
+ * This retruns the downed server, or NULL if all servers are good.
+ */
+ForeignServer *
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	ForeignServer *server = NULL;
+
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+	{
+		if (item->counter > 0)
+		{
+			server = item->callback(item->arg);
+			if (server != NULL)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return server;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Increment counters, and enable timeout if it has been not started yet.
+ */
+int
+TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item)
+{
+	timeout_counter++;
+	item->counter++;
+
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+
+	return timeout_counter;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decrement counters, and disable timeout if it is no more needed.
+ *
+ * This functions must be called after TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout().
+ */
+int
+TryDisableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item)
+{
+	Assert(timeout_counter > 0 && item->counter > 0);
+	timeout_counter--;
+	item->counter--;
+
+	if (timeout_counter == 0 &&
+		get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+
+	return timeout_counter;
+}
+
+void
+assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+												void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if we don't have any callbacks */
+	if (fdw_callbacks == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in ProcessInterrupts().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if anyone wants to */
+	if (newval > 0 && timeout_counter > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, newval);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index fda2e9360e..b99fcf7b48 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -350,6 +351,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -3225,6 +3228,39 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 				 errmsg("connection to client lost")));
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		if (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0 || DoingCommandRead)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages or commands.
+			 */
+			InterruptPending = true;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+			/* Check remote servers and re-arm, if still configured. */
+			if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+			{
+				ForeignServer *downedServer = CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+				if (downedServer != NULL)
+				{
+					LockErrorCleanup();
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+							errmsg("foreign server \"%s\" disconnected due to the health-check failure",
+								   downedServer->servername),
+							errdetail("Foreign server might be down."),
+							errhint("Please check the server and network health."));
+				}
+				enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * If a recovery conflict happens while we are waiting for input from the
 	 * client, the client is presumably just sitting idle in a transaction,
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index c26a1a73df..7efa9cff84 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 5b9ed2f6f5..9b0b4ddd58 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -628,6 +629,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1246,6 +1248,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index b3fd42e0f1..6dfc171448 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3600,6 +3602,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 817d5f5324..b97dc30514 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 75538110fc..922e63922b 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,26 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef ForeignServer* (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	int			counter;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg);
+extern ForeignServer *CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern int TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item);
+extern int TryDisableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+extern void assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+															void *extra);
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 02276d3edd..0319fe1605 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 099f91c61d..7f02a8b491 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 692d8a2a17..fb400a3a91 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -1035,6 +1035,25 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
 
+     <varlistentry id="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval" xreflabel="remote_servers_connection_check_interval">
+      <term><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+        Sets the time interval between optional checks that the remote servers
+        are still alive. If this parameter is set to a valid value, registered
+        callback functions are executed at the specified time interval.
+        If your FDW extension does not implement a callback function, nothing
+        happens after the specified amount of time. If the value is specified
+        without units, it is taken as milliseconds. The default value is
+        <literal>0</literal>, this means the feature is disabled.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
      </variablelist>
      </sect2>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index dbf5dd3d15..3b75a77067 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2136,4 +2136,40 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-checking-remote-servers">
+    <title>Checking the Health of Remote Servers via Foreign Data Wrapper</title>
+
+    <para>
+     For verifying the health of remote servers, callback functions can be
+     registered that runs periodically. The time interval is controlled by
+     <xref linkend="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval"/>.
+     The API for registering functions is:
+    <programlisting>
+CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+    </programlisting>
+     Only functions that return <type>ForeignServer*</type> can be
+     registered as callback functions. Please set to <literal>void* arg</literal>
+     if you want to pass an argument. The returning value must be set as the argument
+     of following enable and disable fucntions.
+     If you have problems with the health check results and want to abort the transaction,
+     please return the pointer of downed server as <type>ForeignServer*</type>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+     Note that starting or stopping the periodic execution is FDW's responsibility.
+     If you want to start verification, the following function must be performed
+     after registering callback functions:
+     <programlisting>
+int
+TryEnableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item)
+     </programlisting>
+     If you want to stop, the following function must be performed:
+     <programlisting>
+int
+TryDisableRemoteServerCheckingTimeout(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item)
+     </programlisting>
+    </para>
+   </sect1>
+
+
  </chapter>

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index c9516e03fa..1e321e18c4 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "libpq/be-fsstubs.h"
 #include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -2365,6 +2366,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	XactTopFullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
 	nParallelCurrentXids = 0;
 
+	/* stop checking remote servers */
+	DisableForeignCheckTimeout();
+
 	/*
 	 * done with commit processing, set current transaction state back to
 	 * default
@@ -2652,6 +2656,9 @@ PrepareTransaction(void)
 	XactTopFullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
 	nParallelCurrentXids = 0;
 
+	/* stop checking remote servers */
+	DisableForeignCheckTimeout();
+
 	/*
 	 * done with 1st phase commit processing, set current transaction state
 	 * back to default
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index baf328b620..996386fdd4 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index 294e22c78c..6084a77336 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +840,83 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+							   sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * enable timeout if it has been not started yet.
+ */
+void
+EnableForeignCheckTimeout(void)
+{
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+}
+
+/*
+ * disable timeout if enabled.
+ */
+void
+DisableForeignCheckTimeout(void)
+{
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+}
+
+void
+assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+												void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if we don't have any callbacks */
+	if (fdw_callbacks == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in ProcessInterrupts().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if anyone wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, newval);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index fda2e9360e..d5de5557e7 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -350,6 +351,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -3225,6 +3228,29 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 				 errmsg("connection to client lost")));
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		if (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0 || DoingCommandRead)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages or commands.
+			 */
+			InterruptPending = true;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+			/* Check remote servers and re-arm, if still configured. */
+			if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+			{
+				CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+				enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * If a recovery conflict happens while we are waiting for input from the
 	 * client, the client is presumably just sitting idle in a transaction,
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index c26a1a73df..7efa9cff84 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 5b9ed2f6f5..9b0b4ddd58 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -628,6 +629,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1246,6 +1248,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index b3fd42e0f1..6dfc171448 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3600,6 +3602,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 817d5f5324..b97dc30514 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 75538110fc..900cc4e3aa 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,24 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+												  void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern void EnableForeignCheckTimeout(void);
+extern void DisableForeignCheckTimeout(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+extern void assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+															void *extra);
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 02276d3edd..0319fe1605 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 099f91c61d..7f02a8b491 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 692d8a2a17..fb400a3a91 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -1035,6 +1035,25 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
 
+     <varlistentry id="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval" xreflabel="remote_servers_connection_check_interval">
+      <term><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+        Sets the time interval between optional checks that the remote servers
+        are still alive. If this parameter is set to a valid value, registered
+        callback functions are executed at the specified time interval.
+        If your FDW extension does not implement a callback function, nothing
+        happens after the specified amount of time. If the value is specified
+        without units, it is taken as milliseconds. The default value is
+        <literal>0</literal>, this means the feature is disabled.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
      </variablelist>
      </sect2>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index dbf5dd3d15..8e245f87dc 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2136,4 +2136,34 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-checking-remote-servers">
+    <title>Checking the Health of Remote Servers via Foreign Data Wrapper</title>
+
+    <para>
+     For verifying the health of remote servers, callback functions can be
+     registered that runs periodically. The time interval is controlled by
+     <xref linkend="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval"/>.
+     The API for registering functions is:
+    <programlisting>
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+    </programlisting>
+     Only functions that return nothing can be registered as callback functions.
+     Please set to <literal>void* arg</literal> if you want to pass an argument.
+     If problems are found by the health check and want to abort the transaction,
+     please send a signal <systemitem>SIGINT</systemitem> to the backend process.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+     Note that starting the periodic run is FDW's responsibility.
+     If you want to start verification, the following function must be performed
+     after registering callback functions:
+     <programlisting>
+int
+EnableForeignCheckTimeout(void)
+     </programlisting>
+      The periodic run will stop at end of each transaction.
+    </para>
+   </sect1>
+
+
  </chapter>

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 29fcb6a76e..10316d2f10 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ static void pgfdw_abort_cleanup(ConnCacheEntry *entry, const char *sql,
 								bool toplevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -153,11 +154,17 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a callback fore checking remote servers */
+		RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(pgfdw_connection_check, NULL);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
 	xact_got_connection = true;
 
+	/* Start checking timer */
+	EnableForeignCheckTimeout();
+
 	/* Create hash key for the entry.  Assume no pad bytes in key struct */
 	key = user->umid;
 
@@ -1709,3 +1716,71 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Callback function for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void *args)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+
+	/* Exit immediately if hash is not initialized. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			elog(LOG, "Foreign Server %s might be down.", server->servername);
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			raise(SIGINT);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 8ae79e97e4..0f4f4641c6 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern void pgfdw_connection_check(void *args);
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 2bb31f1125..228f4629a5 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -774,6 +774,16 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
    connections that are no longer necessary, thereby releasing
    connections on the foreign server.
   </para>
+
+  <para>
+   During a remote transaction, postgres_fdw checks the health of used connections
+   if <xref linkend="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval"/> sets to
+   greater than zero. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+   the running transaction is aborted. Note that this feature is performed
+   by polling the socket, and available platforms are the
+   same as <xref linkend="guc-client-connection-check-interval"/>.
+  </para>
+
  </sect2>
 
  <sect2>

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 53b361e7a9..6e4f67aed9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -1035,6 +1035,25 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
 
+     <varlistentry id="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval" xreflabel="remote_servers_connection_check_interval">
+      <term><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>remote_servers_connection_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+        Sets the time interval between optional checks that the remote servers
+        are still alive. If this parameter is set to a valid value, registered
+        callback functions are executed at the specified time interval.
+        If your FDW extension does not implement a callback function, nothing
+        happens after the specified amount of time. If the value is specified
+        without units, it is taken as milliseconds. The default value is
+        <literal>0</literal>, this means the feature is disabled.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
      </variablelist>
      </sect2>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index dbf5dd3d15..8e245f87dc 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2136,4 +2136,34 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-checking-remote-servers">
+    <title>Checking the Health of Remote Servers via Foreign Data Wrapper</title>
+
+    <para>
+     For verifying the health of remote servers, callback functions can be
+     registered that runs periodically. The time interval is controlled by
+     <xref linkend="guc-remote-servers-connection-check-interval"/>.
+     The API for registering functions is:
+    <programlisting>
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback, void *arg);
+    </programlisting>
+     Only functions that return nothing can be registered as callback functions.
+     Please set to <literal>void* arg</literal> if you want to pass an argument.
+     If problems are found by the health check and want to abort the transaction,
+     please send a signal <systemitem>SIGINT</systemitem> to the backend process.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+     Note that starting the periodic run is FDW's responsibility.
+     If you want to start verification, the following function must be performed
+     after registering callback functions:
+     <programlisting>
+int
+EnableForeignCheckTimeout(void)
+     </programlisting>
+      The periodic run will stop at end of each transaction.
+    </para>
+   </sect1>
+
+
  </chapter>

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index c9516e03fa..1e321e18c4 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "libpq/be-fsstubs.h"
 #include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -2365,6 +2366,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	XactTopFullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
 	nParallelCurrentXids = 0;
 
+	/* stop checking remote servers */
+	DisableForeignCheckTimeout();
+
 	/*
 	 * done with commit processing, set current transaction state back to
 	 * default
@@ -2652,6 +2656,9 @@ PrepareTransaction(void)
 	XactTopFullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
 	nParallelCurrentXids = 0;
 
+	/* stop checking remote servers */
+	DisableForeignCheckTimeout();
+
 	/*
 	 * done with 1st phase commit processing, set current transaction state
 	 * back to default
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index baf328b620..996386fdd4 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 
 			readmessage:
 					HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+					HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					pq_startmsgread();
 					mtype = pq_getbyte();
 					if (mtype == EOF)
@@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ CopyGetData(CopyFromState cstate, void *databuf, int minread, int maxread)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 								 errmsg("unexpected EOF on client connection with an open transaction")));
+					RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 					RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 					/* ... and process it */
 					switch (mtype)
diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index 294e22c78c..6084a77336 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+/* for checking remote servers */
+int remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0;
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *fdw_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -836,3 +840,83 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ * The checking timeout will be fired after registering the first callback.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+							   sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = fdw_callbacks;
+	fdw_callbacks = item;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	for (item = fdw_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * enable timeout if it has been not started yet.
+ */
+void
+EnableForeignCheckTimeout(void)
+{
+	if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+							 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+}
+
+/*
+ * disable timeout if enabled.
+ */
+void
+DisableForeignCheckTimeout(void)
+{
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+		disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+}
+
+void
+assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+												void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if we don't have any callbacks */
+	if (fdw_callbacks == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in ProcessInterrupts().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if anyone wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, newval);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index fda2e9360e..d5de5557e7 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -350,6 +351,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 * Get message type code from the frontend.
 	 */
 	HOLD_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
+	HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	pq_startmsgread();
 	qtype = pq_getbyte();
 
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ SocketBackend(StringInfo inBuf)
 	 */
 	if (pq_getmessage(inBuf, maxmsglen))
 		return EOF;				/* suitable message already logged */
+	RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS();
 	RESUME_CANCEL_INTERRUPTS();
 
 	return qtype;
@@ -3225,6 +3228,29 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 				 errmsg("connection to client lost")));
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		if (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount != 0 || DoingCommandRead)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Skip checking foreign servers while reading messages or commands.
+			 */
+			InterruptPending = true;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+			/* Check remote servers and re-arm, if still configured. */
+			if (remote_servers_connection_check_interval > 0)
+			{
+				CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+				enable_timeout_after(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
+									 remote_servers_connection_check_interval);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * If a recovery conflict happens while we are waiting for input from the
 	 * client, the client is presumably just sitting idle in a transaction,
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index c26a1a73df..7efa9cff84 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
+volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount = 0;
 
 int			MyProcPid;
 pg_time_t	MyStartTime;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 02207a5b6f..9ce99df962 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ static void LockTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -700,6 +701,7 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid, const char *username,
 						IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT, IdleSessionTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT, CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1318,6 +1320,14 @@ ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void)
 	SetLatch(MyLatch);
 }
 
+static void
+CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns true if at least one role is defined in this database cluster.
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index e2fe219aa8..d558117e64 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "commands/variable.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/auth.h"
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@
 #include "utils/queryjumble.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/tzparser.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -3600,6 +3602,18 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+
+	{
+		{"remote_servers_connection_check_interval", PGC_USERSET, CONN_AUTH_SETTINGS,
+			gettext_noop("Sets the time interval between checks for disconnection of remote servers."),
+			NULL,
+			GUC_UNIT_MS
+		},
+		&remote_servers_connection_check_interval,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 56d0bee6d9..04fa73967b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 					# disconnection while running queries;
 					# 0 for never
 
+#remote_servers_connection_check_interval = 0	# time between time between checks for
+					# foreign server disconnection;
+					# 0 for never
+
 # - Authentication -
 
 #authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index 75538110fc..900cc4e3aa 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -81,4 +81,24 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* functions and variables for fdw checking. */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback;
+	void		*arg;
+} CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+												  void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
+extern void EnableForeignCheckTimeout(void);
+extern void DisableForeignCheckTimeout(void);
+
+extern int remote_servers_connection_check_interval;
+extern void assign_remote_servers_connection_check_interval(int newval,
+															void *extra);
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index 0abc3ad540..b14152e66b 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CritSectionCount;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount;
 
 /* in tcop/postgres.c */
 extern void ProcessInterrupts(void);
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ do { \
 /* Is ProcessInterrupts() guaranteed to clear InterruptPending? */
 #define INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED() \
 	(InterruptHoldoffCount == 0 && CritSectionCount == 0 && \
-	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0)
+	 QueryCancelHoldoffCount == 0 && CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount == 0)
 
 #define HOLD_INTERRUPTS()  (InterruptHoldoffCount++)
 
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@ do { \
 	CritSectionCount--; \
 } while(0)
 
+#define HOLD_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS()  (CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount++)
+
+#define RESUME_CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_INTERRUPTS() \
+do { \
+	Assert(CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount > 0); \
+	CheckingRemoteServersHoldoffCount--; \
+} while(0)
 
 /*****************************************************************************
  *	  globals.h --															 *
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 099f91c61d..7f02a8b491 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
+	CHECKING_REMOTE_SERVERS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
 	/* Maximum number of timeout reasons */

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 38d8b97894..891d6ac204 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ int			PostAuthDelay = 0;
 /* Time between checks that the client is still connected. */
 int			client_connection_check_interval = 0;
 
+char 		*QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------
  *		private typedefs etc
  * ----------------
@@ -3329,6 +3331,8 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QeuryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QeuryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
 	}
@@ -4240,6 +4244,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QeuryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 15a11bc3ff..54ea1de9de 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT const char *debug_query_string;
 extern int	max_stack_depth;
 extern int	PostAuthDelay;
 extern int	client_connection_check_interval;
+extern char* QeuryCancelMessage;
 
 /* GUC-configurable parameters */
 

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f753c6e232..d55243fb7e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -109,6 +111,10 @@ static void pgfdw_abort_cleanup(ConnCacheEntry *entry, const char *sql,
 								bool toplevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -153,6 +159,9 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT, pgfdw_connection_check);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -276,6 +285,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Fire timeout if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -1702,3 +1717,133 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool raised = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* Is there any cancel messages? */
+	if (QeuryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)) && !raised)
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+			 * Note that error message is passed to QeuryCancelMessage
+			 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+			 */
+			char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+			MemoryContext old;
+			ForeignServer *server;
+
+			/*
+			 * Switch to CurTransactionContext in order to
+			 * make sure that the lifetime of palloc'd is transaction.
+			 */
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+			server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server %s might be down.", server->servername);
+			QeuryCancelMessage = pstrdup(msg);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			raise(SIGINT);
+			raised = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (!raised && pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("pgfdw_health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index fc3ce6a53a..4dd18b565a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -532,5 +532,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 8ae79e97e4..c129af5082 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,10 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+extern void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+extern int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 7bb6e525a4..dcc821df17 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1014,6 +1014,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      this option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available 
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 3c7d08209f..206f7e1d59 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ int			PostAuthDelay = 0;
 /* Time between checks that the client is still connected. */
 int			client_connection_check_interval = 0;
 
+char 		*QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------
  *		private typedefs etc
  * ----------------
@@ -3327,6 +3329,8 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QeuryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QeuryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
 	}
@@ -4248,6 +4252,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QeuryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 15a11bc3ff..54ea1de9de 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT const char *debug_query_string;
 extern int	max_stack_depth;
 extern int	PostAuthDelay;
 extern int	client_connection_check_interval;
+extern char* QeuryCancelMessage;
 
 /* GUC-configurable parameters */
 

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f753c6e232..d55243fb7e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -109,6 +111,10 @@ static void pgfdw_abort_cleanup(ConnCacheEntry *entry, const char *sql,
 								bool toplevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -153,6 +159,9 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT, pgfdw_connection_check);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -276,6 +285,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Fire timeout if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -1702,3 +1717,133 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool raised = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* Is there any cancel messages? */
+	if (QeuryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)) && !raised)
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+			 * Note that error message is passed to QeuryCancelMessage
+			 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+			 */
+			char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+			MemoryContext old;
+			ForeignServer *server;
+
+			/*
+			 * Switch to CurTransactionContext in order to
+			 * make sure that the lifetime of palloc'd is transaction.
+			 */
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+			server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server %s might be down.", server->servername);
+			QeuryCancelMessage = pstrdup(msg);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			raise(SIGINT);
+			raised = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (!raised && pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("pgfdw_health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index 2c6b2894b9..75a910b0ff 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -538,5 +538,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 8ae79e97e4..c129af5082 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,10 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+extern void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+extern int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index dc57fe4b0d..21532e19d9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1028,6 +1028,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      this option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available 
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f753c6e232..d55243fb7e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -109,6 +111,10 @@ static void pgfdw_abort_cleanup(ConnCacheEntry *entry, const char *sql,
 								bool toplevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -153,6 +159,9 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT, pgfdw_connection_check);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -276,6 +285,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Fire timeout if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -1702,3 +1717,133 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool raised = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* Is there any cancel messages? */
+	if (QeuryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)) && !raised)
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+			 * Note that error message is passed to QeuryCancelMessage
+			 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+			 */
+			char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+			MemoryContext old;
+			ForeignServer *server;
+
+			/*
+			 * Switch to CurTransactionContext in order to
+			 * make sure that the lifetime of palloc'd is transaction.
+			 */
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+			server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server %s might be down.", server->servername);
+			QeuryCancelMessage = pstrdup(msg);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			raise(SIGINT);
+			raised = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (!raised && pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("pgfdw_health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index 2c6b2894b9..75a910b0ff 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -538,5 +538,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 8ae79e97e4..c129af5082 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,10 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+extern void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+extern int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index dc57fe4b0d..21532e19d9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1028,6 +1028,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      this option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available 
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 3c7d08209f..206f7e1d59 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ int			PostAuthDelay = 0;
 /* Time between checks that the client is still connected. */
 int			client_connection_check_interval = 0;
 
+char 		*QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------
  *		private typedefs etc
  * ----------------
@@ -3327,6 +3329,8 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QeuryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QeuryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
 	}
@@ -4248,6 +4252,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QeuryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 15a11bc3ff..83f894cbd0 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT const char *debug_query_string;
 extern int	max_stack_depth;
 extern int	PostAuthDelay;
 extern int	client_connection_check_interval;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT char* QeuryCancelMessage;
 
 /* GUC-configurable parameters */
 

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 3c7d08209f..206f7e1d59 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ int			PostAuthDelay = 0;
 /* Time between checks that the client is still connected. */
 int			client_connection_check_interval = 0;
 
+char 		*QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------
  *		private typedefs etc
  * ----------------
@@ -3327,6 +3329,8 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QeuryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QeuryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
 	}
@@ -4248,6 +4252,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QeuryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QeuryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 15a11bc3ff..83f894cbd0 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT const char *debug_query_string;
 extern int	max_stack_depth;
 extern int	PostAuthDelay;
 extern int	client_connection_check_interval;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT char* QeuryCancelMessage;
 
 /* GUC-configurable parameters */
 

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f753c6e232..f691b482a1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -109,6 +111,10 @@ static void pgfdw_abort_cleanup(ConnCacheEntry *entry, const char *sql,
 								bool toplevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -153,6 +159,9 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT, pgfdw_connection_check);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -276,6 +285,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Fire timeout if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -1007,6 +1022,9 @@ pgfdw_xact_callback(XactEvent event, void *arg)
 	 */
 	xact_got_connection = false;
 
+	/* stop timer because checking is no more needed. */
+	disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
 	/* Also reset cursor numbering for next transaction */
 	cursor_number = 0;
 }
@@ -1702,3 +1720,139 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* Is there any cancel messages? If so, raise again and re-schedule */
+	if (QeuryCancelMessage != NULL)
+	{
+		raise(SIGINT);
+		if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+			enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+								 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+			 * Note that error message is passed to QeuryCancelMessage
+			 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+			 */
+			char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+			MemoryContext old;
+			ForeignServer *server;
+
+			/*
+			 * Switch to CurTransactionContext in order to
+			 * make sure that the lifetime of palloc'd is transaction.
+			 */
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+			server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server %s might be down.", server->servername);
+			QeuryCancelMessage = pstrdup(msg);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			hash_seq_term(&scan);
+
+			raise(SIGINT);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("pgfdw_health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index 2c6b2894b9..75a910b0ff 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -538,5 +538,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 8ae79e97e4..c129af5082 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,10 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+extern void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+extern int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index dc57fe4b0d..21532e19d9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1028,6 +1028,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      this option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available 
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 34c13a1113..47c72def5b 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -105,6 +105,8 @@ int			PostAuthDelay = 0;
 /* Time between checks that the client is still connected. */
 int			client_connection_check_interval = 0;
 
+char 		*QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------
  *		private typedefs etc
  * ----------------
@@ -3326,8 +3328,20 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QueryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QueryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
+		else if (QueryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * If we reach here someone wanted to cancel query but it was skepped
+			 * because connection status was idle. So re-arm Pending flags
+			 * for next iteration.
+			 */
+			InterruptPending = true;
+			QueryCancelPending = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending)
@@ -4247,6 +4261,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QueryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 15a11bc3ff..51f91be14b 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT const char *debug_query_string;
 extern int	max_stack_depth;
 extern int	PostAuthDelay;
 extern int	client_connection_check_interval;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT char* QueryCancelMessage;
 
 /* GUC-configurable parameters */
 

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 8c64d42dda..cc9aeab799 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -117,6 +119,10 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -161,6 +167,9 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT, pgfdw_connection_check);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -284,6 +293,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Fire timeout if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -1040,6 +1055,9 @@ pgfdw_xact_callback(XactEvent event, void *arg)
 	 */
 	xact_got_connection = false;
 
+	/* stop timer because checking is no more needed. */
+	disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
 	/* Also reset cursor numbering for next transaction */
 	cursor_number = 0;
 }
@@ -1889,3 +1907,133 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* Quick exit if QueryCancelMessage has already set. */
+	if (QueryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+			 * Note that error message is passed to QueryCancelMessage
+			 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+			 */
+			char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+			MemoryContext old;
+			ForeignServer *server;
+
+			/*
+			 * Switch to CurTransactionContext in order to
+			 * make sure that the lifetime of palloc'd is transaction.
+			 */
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+			server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server %s might be down.", server->servername);
+			QueryCancelMessage = pstrdup(msg);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			hash_seq_term(&scan);
+
+			raise(SIGINT);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("pgfdw_health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index 572591a558..496a27960c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -540,5 +540,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 8ae79e97e4..c129af5082 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,10 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+extern void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+extern int pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 8ebf0dc3a0..992f093992 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1074,6 +1074,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      this option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available 
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 

From adca9c34d807d37b3226ea83800f0d6187586b73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:02:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v15 1/4] Add an infrastracture for checking remote servers

This patch adds a mechanism for registering callback functions.
They should be used for checking health of remote servers.

These functions will be called when an added flag is set to true.
The flag is expected that it is set from signal handlers, which is registered by FDWs.
Inside the function a signal SIGINT should be raised and a message should be set to QueryCancelMessage
if one of remote servers is disconnected.

When a query is canceled and a string is set to QueryCancelMessage,
the server will output the given message to the log instead of the normal message.

Note that QueryCancelMessage will be never pfree()'d.
Developers must use appropriate memory context.
---
 src/backend/foreign/foreign.c    | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c      | 26 +++++++++++++++
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c |  1 +
 src/include/foreign/foreign.h    | 19 +++++++++++
 src/include/miscadmin.h          |  2 ++
 src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h      |  1 +
 6 files changed, 106 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index 353e20a0cf..fbc943bea9 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *remote_check_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -810,3 +812,58 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+			sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = remote_check_callbacks;
+	remote_check_callbacks = item;
+}
+
+void
+UnRegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+										void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *prev;
+
+	prev = NULL;
+	for (item = remote_check_callbacks; item; prev = item, item = item->next)
+	{
+			if (item->callback == callback && item->arg == arg)
+			{
+					if (prev)
+							prev->next = item->next;
+					else
+							remote_check_callbacks = item->next;
+					pfree(item);
+					break;
+			}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	for (item = remote_check_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 35eff28bd3..772a388a87 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "commands/async.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -98,6 +99,9 @@ int			PostAuthDelay = 0;
 /* Time between checks that the client is still connected. */
 int			client_connection_check_interval = 0;
 
+/* Message string for canceling qurery caused by extensions */
+char		*QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------
  *		private typedefs etc
  * ----------------
@@ -3224,6 +3228,13 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 				 errmsg("connection to client lost")));
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * If a recovery conflict happens while we are waiting for input from the
 	 * client, the client is presumably just sitting idle in a transaction,
@@ -3328,8 +3339,20 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QueryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QueryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
+		else if (QueryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * If we reach here someone wanted to cancel query but it was skepped
+			 * because connection status was idle. So re-arm Pending flags
+			 * for next iteration.
+			 */
+			InterruptPending = true;
+			QueryCancelPending = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending)
@@ -4264,6 +4287,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QueryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 1a5d29ac9b..bb94adfea8 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index ac82125530..9859513ac6 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -82,4 +82,23 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* Functions and variables for fdw checking */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem	*next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback		callback;
+	void								*arg;
+};
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+												  void *arg);
+extern void UnRegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+													void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index ee48e392ed..95b7d66ce3 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 5d34978f32..3a8e8c5a19 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT const char *debug_query_string;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int max_stack_depth;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int PostAuthDelay;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int client_connection_check_interval;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT char* QueryCancelMessage;
 
 /* GUC-configurable parameters */
 
-- 
2.27.0

From 87a482835635070347cc1c3fdf6847a4a54e5b55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:30:56 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v15 2/4] postgres_fdw: Implement health check feature

This patch adds a new GUC parameter postgres_fdw.health_check_interval.
This defines a time interval between checking remote servers.

In the checking function we use a socket event WL_SOCKET_CLOSED.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c   | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c       |  63 ++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h |   3 +
 3 files changed, 196 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 939d114f02..64ec57b54e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -80,6 +82,9 @@ static unsigned int prep_stmt_number = 0;
 /* tracks whether any work is needed in callback functions */
 static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 
+/* Timeout identifier for health check  */
+TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+
 /*
  * SQL functions
  */
@@ -117,6 +122,11 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
+/* Functions for checking remote servers */
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void *arg);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static void pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler(void);
+
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
  * server with the user's authorization.  A new connection is established
@@ -160,6 +170,11 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout and a callback for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT,
+													 pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler);
+		RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(pgfdw_connection_check, NULL);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -283,6 +298,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Start health-check timer if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -1040,6 +1061,9 @@ pgfdw_xact_callback(XactEvent event, void *arg)
 	 */
 	xact_got_connection = false;
 
+	/* Stop timer because checking is no more needed. */
+	disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
 	/* Also reset cursor numbering for next transaction */
 	cursor_number = 0;
 }
@@ -1862,3 +1886,109 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for calling callbacks
+ */
+static void
+pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Function for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+static void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void *arg)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* Quick exit if QueryCancelMessage has already set. */
+	if (QueryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+			 * Note that error message is passed to QueryCancelMessage
+			 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+			 */
+			char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+			MemoryContext old;
+			ForeignServer *server;
+
+			/*
+			 * Switch to CurTransactionContext in order to
+			 * make sure that the lifetime of palloc'd is transaction.
+			 */
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+			server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server %s might be down.", server->servername);
+			QueryCancelMessage = pstrdup(msg);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			hash_seq_term(&scan);
+
+			raise(SIGINT);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 1);
+	AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+
+	return true;
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index fa80ee2a55..9cd5a32e77 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "commands/extension.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq-be.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ static PQconninfoOption *libpq_options;
  * GUC parameters
  */
 char	   *pgfdw_application_name = NULL;
+int			pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -58,6 +60,13 @@ static void InitPgFdwOptions(void);
 static bool is_valid_option(const char *keyword, Oid context);
 static bool is_libpq_option(const char *keyword);
 
+/*
+ * GUC hooks
+ */
+static bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+static void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 
 /*
@@ -518,6 +527,47 @@ process_pgfdw_appname(const char *appname)
 	return buf.data;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check hook for pgfdw_health_check_interval
+ */
+static bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Assign hook for pgfdw_health_check_interval
+ */
+static void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
+
 /*
  * Module load callback
  */
@@ -543,5 +593,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 21f2b20ce8..6b13544903 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,7 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,
@@ -160,6 +162,7 @@ extern List *ExtractExtensionList(const char *extensionsString,
 								  bool warnOnMissing);
 extern char *process_pgfdw_appname(const char *appname);
 extern char *pgfdw_application_name;
+extern int	pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in deparse.c */
 extern void classifyConditions(PlannerInfo *root,
-- 
2.27.0

From 4ffb4293db58cdc30af7962db22d95df40331d42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:47:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v15 3/4] add doc

This patch adds descriptions about postgres_fdw.health_check_interval
---
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index bfd344cdc0..44e4f07dd9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1078,6 +1078,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      This option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 
-- 
2.27.0

From 5572c8468059a10dac58e74f7961528ab68f1013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v15 4/4] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 36 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 26 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 62 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2e4e82a94f..476e4966cc 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11463,3 +11463,39 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+ERROR:  Foreign Server loopback might be down.
+COMMIT;
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index e48ccd286b..1e1f30fc6c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3682,3 +3682,29 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+COMMIT;
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From afdf9a6738f54672c3d2767d205e9fa79ca6f6fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:30:56 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v16 2/4] postgres_fdw: Implement health check feature

This patch adds a new GUC parameter postgres_fdw.health_check_interval.
This defines a time interval between checking remote servers.

In the checking function we use a socket event WL_SOCKET_CLOSED.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c   | 170 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c       |  63 +++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h |   3 +
 3 files changed, 233 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 939d114f02..70f87e5d38 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		keep_connections;	/* setting value of keep_connections
 									 * server option */
 	Oid			serverid;		/* foreign server OID used to get server name */
+	char	   *servername;		/* foreign server name used to report ERROR */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
 	PgFdwConnState state;		/* extra per-connection state */
@@ -80,6 +83,9 @@ static unsigned int prep_stmt_number = 0;
 /* tracks whether any work is needed in callback functions */
 static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 
+/* Timeout identifier for health check  */
+TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+
 /*
  * SQL functions
  */
@@ -117,6 +123,11 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
+/* Functions for checking remote servers */
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void *arg);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static void pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler(void);
+
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
  * server with the user's authorization.  A new connection is established
@@ -138,6 +149,8 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
 	ConnCacheKey key;
 	MemoryContext ccxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
+	MemoryContext old;
+	ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(user->serverid);
 
 	/* First time through, initialize connection cache hashtable */
 	if (ConnectionHash == NULL)
@@ -160,6 +173,13 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(FOREIGNSERVERNAME,
+									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout and a callback for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT,
+													 pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler);
+		RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(pgfdw_connection_check, NULL);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -175,10 +195,11 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (!found)
 	{
 		/*
-		 * We need only clear "conn" here; remaining fields will be filled
-		 * later when "conn" is set.
+		 * We need clear "conn" and "servername" here; remaining fields will be filled
+		 * later when they are set.
 		 */
 		entry->conn = NULL;
+		entry->servername = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Reject further use of connections which failed abort cleanup. */
@@ -203,6 +224,16 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (entry->conn == NULL)
 		make_new_connection(entry, user);
 
+	/*
+	 * If cache entry doesn't have a name, duplicate it to the TopMemoryContext
+	 */
+	if (entry->servername == NULL)
+	{
+		old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
+		entry->servername = pstrdup(server->servername);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * We check the health of the cached connection here when using it.  In
 	 * cases where we're out of all transactions, if a broken connection is
@@ -283,6 +314,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Start health-check timer if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -532,6 +569,12 @@ disconnect_pg_server(ConnCacheEntry *entry)
 		entry->conn = NULL;
 		ReleaseExternalFD();
 	}
+
+	if (entry->servername != NULL)
+	{
+		pfree(entry->servername);
+		entry->servername = NULL;
+	}
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1040,6 +1083,9 @@ pgfdw_xact_callback(XactEvent event, void *arg)
 	 */
 	xact_got_connection = false;
 
+	/* Stop timer because checking is no more needed. */
+	disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
 	/* Also reset cursor numbering for next transaction */
 	cursor_number = 0;
 }
@@ -1148,7 +1194,7 @@ pgfdw_inval_callback(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue)
 	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
 	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
 
-	Assert(cacheid == FOREIGNSERVEROID || cacheid == USERMAPPINGOID);
+	Assert(cacheid == FOREIGNSERVEROID || cacheid == USERMAPPINGOID || cacheid == FOREIGNSERVERNAME);
 
 	/* ConnectionHash must exist already, if we're registered */
 	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
@@ -1179,6 +1225,21 @@ pgfdw_inval_callback(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue)
 			else
 				entry->invalidated = true;
 		}
+
+		/* If ALTER SERVER RENAME is executed, the entry must be also modified. */
+		if (cacheid == FOREIGNSERVERNAME &&
+			entry->server_hashvalue == hashvalue)
+		{
+			ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			MemoryContext old;
+
+			if (entry->servername != NULL)
+				pfree(entry->servername);
+
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
+			entry->servername = pstrdup(server->servername);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1862,3 +1923,106 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for triggering health check
+ */
+static void
+pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Function for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+static void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void *arg)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* Quick exit if QueryCancelMessage has already set. */
+	if (HasQueryCancelMessage())
+		return;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+			 * Note that error message is passed to QueryCancelMessage
+			 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+			 */
+			char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+			snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server %s might be down.", entry->servername);
+			TrySetQueryCancelMessage(msg);
+
+			disconnect_pg_server(entry);
+			hash_seq_term(&scan);
+
+			kill(MyProcPid, SIGINT);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	/* Raise an ERROR if invalid socket has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		PQsocket(conn) == PGINVALID_SOCKET)
+		elog(ERROR, "Invalid connection has been arrived");
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(TopMemoryContext, 1);
+
+	(void) AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	/* return false is if the socket seems to be closed. */
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+	return true;
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index fa80ee2a55..9cd5a32e77 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "commands/extension.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq-be.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ static PQconninfoOption *libpq_options;
  * GUC parameters
  */
 char	   *pgfdw_application_name = NULL;
+int			pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -58,6 +60,13 @@ static void InitPgFdwOptions(void);
 static bool is_valid_option(const char *keyword, Oid context);
 static bool is_libpq_option(const char *keyword);
 
+/*
+ * GUC hooks
+ */
+static bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+static void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 
 /*
@@ -518,6 +527,47 @@ process_pgfdw_appname(const char *appname)
 	return buf.data;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check hook for pgfdw_health_check_interval
+ */
+static bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Assign hook for pgfdw_health_check_interval
+ */
+static void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
+
 /*
  * Module load callback
  */
@@ -543,5 +593,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index a11d45bedf..4670e8d391 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,7 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,
@@ -160,6 +162,7 @@ extern List *ExtractExtensionList(const char *extensionsString,
 								  bool warnOnMissing);
 extern char *process_pgfdw_appname(const char *appname);
 extern char *pgfdw_application_name;
+extern int	pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in deparse.c */
 extern void classifyConditions(PlannerInfo *root,
-- 
2.27.0

From c387f441289f6e2895108802d8f6bc5fe6e6ec07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:47:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v16 3/4] add doc

This patch adds descriptions about postgres_fdw.health_check_interval
---
 doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml   | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml | 26 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 101 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index d0b5951019..4c1c252bc1 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2136,4 +2136,79 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-health-check">
+    <title>Health check of Foreign servers</title>
+
+    <para>
+     Additionally, the FDW author can implement a function to check health of
+     foreign servers. PostgreSQL has a mechanism to call callback functions
+     registered by FDW, and they will be done when flags are set. To enable the
+     feature, FDW authors must  1) implement health check function, 2) register
+     the implemented function as health check callback function, and
+     3) set flags in arbitrary ways.
+    </para>
+
+    <sect2 id="fdw-health-check-implement">
+     <title>Implement health check function</title>
+
+     <para>
+      The health check function must be defined as following datatype.
+<programlisting>
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+</programlisting>
+     </para>
+
+     <para>
+      When FDW finds disconnections to foreign servers, the function must set
+      an error message and send SIGINT signal to its backend process. To fill
+      and check the message following APIs can be used, which are declared in
+      <filename>tcop/tcopprot.h</filename>.
+
+<programlisting>
+extern bool TrySetQueryCancelMessage(char *message);
+extern bool HasQueryCancelMessage(void);
+</programlisting>
+
+      Note that the message will be duplicated to the transactional memory
+      context. The message does not have to be allocated memory by FDW author.
+     </para>
+
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="fdw-health-check-callback">
+     <title>Register a callback</title>
+
+     <para>
+      Authors needs to register the callback function via following API.
+
+<programlisting>
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+                                      void *arg)
+</programlisting>
+     </para>
+
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="fdw-health-check-timeout">
+     <title>Set flags in arbitrary ways</title>
+
+     <para>
+      Finally, authors must implement a mechanism to fire the health check
+      callbacks. It can be done by setting flags <literal>CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending</literal>
+      and <literal>InterruptPending</literal> to true. They are declared in <filename>miscadmin.h</filename>.
+
+<programlisting>
+volatile sig_atomic_t InterruptPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+</programlisting>
+
+      Typically, the timeout mechanism can be used to set these flags. The
+      detailed description and usage are written in <filename>src/backend/utils/misc/timeout.c</filename>.
+     </para>
+
+    </sect2>
+
+   </sect1>
+
  </chapter>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index bfd344cdc0..44e4f07dd9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1078,6 +1078,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      This option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 
-- 
2.27.0

From 4f8eab3117db2c03401f89e07c426041acacf6fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v16 4/4] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    |    37 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out  | 11515 ++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |    27 +
 3 files changed, 11579 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index cc9e39c4a5..88c6b9ef21 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11466,3 +11466,40 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+-- FIXME: this should be skipped in some platforms
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+ERROR:  Foreign Server loopback might be down.
+COMMIT;
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1670c6702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11515 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: (upper((a.c7)::text) = (b.c7)::text)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r4."C 1" = r5."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r4."C 1" = r5."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t1.c3 = t2.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t1.c3 = t2.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE (($1::character varying(10) = f3))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  401 |   1 | 00401              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  431 |   1 | 00431              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  496 |   6 | 00496              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  499 | 509 | 00499_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  506 |   6 | 00506              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  508 |   8 | 00508              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  509 | 509 | 00509_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  510 |   0 | 00510              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  511 |   1 | 00511              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  513 | 303 | 00513_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  514 |   4 | 00514              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  516 |   6 | 00516              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  518 |   8 | 00518              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  519 | 509 | 00519_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  520 |   0 | 00520              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  521 |   1 | 00521              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  524 |   4 | 00524              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  526 |   6 | 00526              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  530 |   0 | 00530              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  531 |   1 | 00531              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  533 | 303 | 00533_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  536 |   6 | 00536              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  538 |   8 | 00538              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  539 | 509 | 00539_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  540 |   0 | 00540              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  541 |   1 | 00541              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  544 |   4 | 00544              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  546 |   6 | 00546              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  548 |   8 | 00548              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  549 | 509 | 00549_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  550 |   0 | 00550              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  551 |   1 | 00551              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  558 |   8 | 00558              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  559 | 509 | 00559_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  560 |   0 | 00560              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  561 |   1 | 00561              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  566 |   6 | 00566              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  568 |   8 | 00568              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  569 | 509 | 00569_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  570 |   0 | 00570              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  571 |   1 | 00571              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  573 | 303 | 00573_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  574 |   4 | 00574              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  576 |   6 | 00576              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  578 |   8 | 00578              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  579 | 509 | 00579_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  580 |   0 | 00580              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  581 |   1 | 00581              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  583 | 303 | 00583_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  584 |   4 | 00584              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  586 |   6 | 00586              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  589 | 509 | 00589_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  590 |   0 | 00590              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  591 |   1 | 00591              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  593 | 303 | 00593_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  594 |   4 | 00594              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  596 |   6 | 00596              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  598 |   8 | 00598              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  599 | 509 | 00599_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  600 |   0 | 00600              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  601 |   1 | 00601              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  603 | 303 | 00603_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  604 |   4 | 00604              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  606 |   6 | 00606              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  608 |   8 | 00608              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  609 | 509 | 00609_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  610 |   0 | 00610              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  611 |   1 | 00611              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  613 | 303 | 00613_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  614 |   4 | 00614              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  616 |   6 | 00616              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  618 |   8 | 00618              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  619 | 509 | 00619_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  620 |   0 | 00620              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  621 |   1 | 00621              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  624 |   4 | 00624              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  626 |   6 | 00626              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  628 |   8 | 00628              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  630 |   0 | 00630              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  631 |   1 | 00631              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  633 | 303 | 00633_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  634 |   4 | 00634              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  636 |   6 | 00636              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  640 |   0 | 00640              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  641 |   1 | 00641              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  643 | 303 | 00643_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  644 |   4 | 00644              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  646 |   6 | 00646              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  648 |   8 | 00648              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  649 | 509 | 00649_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  650 |   0 | 00650              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  651 |   1 | 00651              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  653 | 303 | 00653_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  654 |   4 | 00654              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  656 |   6 | 00656              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  658 |   8 | 00658              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  659 | 509 | 00659_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  660 |   0 | 00660              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  661 |   1 | 00661              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  663 | 303 | 00663_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  664 |   4 | 00664              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  666 |   6 | 00666              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  668 |   8 | 00668              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  669 | 509 | 00669_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  673 | 303 | 00673_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  674 |   4 | 00674              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  678 |   8 | 00678              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  679 | 509 | 00679_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  680 |   0 | 00680              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  683 | 303 | 00683_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  684 |   4 | 00684              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  686 |   6 | 00686              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  688 |   8 | 00688              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  689 | 509 | 00689_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  693 | 303 | 00693_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  694 |   4 | 00694              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  696 |   6 | 00696              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  699 | 509 | 00699_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  708 |   8 | 00708              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  709 | 509 | 00709_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  719 | 509 | 00719_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  723 | 303 | 00723_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  728 |   8 | 00728              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  729 | 509 | 00729_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  733 | 303 | 00733_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  739 | 509 | 00739_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  743 | 303 | 00743_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  923 | 303 | 00923_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  924 |   4 | 00924              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  926 |   6 | 00926              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  928 |   8 | 00928              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  929 | 509 | 00929_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  930 |   0 | 00930              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  931 |   1 | 00931              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  933 | 303 | 00933_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  934 |   4 | 00934              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  936 |   6 | 00936              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  938 |   8 | 00938              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  939 | 509 | 00939_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  940 |   0 | 00940              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  941 |   1 | 00941              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  943 | 303 | 00943_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  948 |   8 | 00948              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  949 | 509 | 00949_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  950 |   0 | 00950              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  951 |   1 | 00951              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  954 |   4 | 00954              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  956 |   6 | 00956              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  960 |   0 | 00960              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  969 | 509 | 00969_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  970 |   0 | 00970              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  979 | 509 | 00979_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (($1::integer = a))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (($1::integer = a))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (local_tbl.a = async_pt_3.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (local_tbl.a = a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "postgres_fdw.health_check_interval": 1000
+DETAIL:  postgres_fdw.health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+-- FIXME: this should be skipped in some platforms
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+ pg_sleep 
+----------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+ERROR:  server closed the connection unexpectedly
+	This probably means the server terminated abnormally
+	before or while processing the request.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: COMMIT TRANSACTION
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index e48ccd286b..375cde1b84 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3682,3 +3682,30 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+-- FIXME: this should be skipped in some platforms
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+COMMIT;
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From df7068c18cda5dd5662e2a8c0eedaa025543a43c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:02:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v16 1/4] Add an infrastracture for checking remote servers

This patch adds a mechanism for registering callback functions.
They should be used for checking health of remote servers.

These functions will be called when flags CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending and InterruptPending are set to true.
CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending is expected that it is set from signal handlers, which is registered by FDWs.
Inside the function a signal SIGINT should be raised and a message should be set to QueryCancelMessage
if one of remote servers is disconnected. To fill the message new API TrySetQueryCancelMessage can be used.

When a query is canceled and a string is set to QueryCancelMessage,
the server will output the given message to the log instead of the normal message.

Note that TrySetQueryCancelMessage does not allow to override the QueryCancelMessage.
If the function is called but the message is already filled, returns immediately
---
 src/backend/foreign/foreign.c    | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c      | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c |  1 +
 src/include/foreign/foreign.h    | 19 +++++++++++
 src/include/miscadmin.h          |  2 ++
 src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h      |  3 ++
 6 files changed, 132 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index 353e20a0cf..fbc943bea9 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *remote_check_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -810,3 +812,58 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+			sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = remote_check_callbacks;
+	remote_check_callbacks = item;
+}
+
+void
+UnRegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+										void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *prev;
+
+	prev = NULL;
+	for (item = remote_check_callbacks; item; prev = item, item = item->next)
+	{
+			if (item->callback == callback && item->arg == arg)
+			{
+					if (prev)
+							prev->next = item->next;
+					else
+							remote_check_callbacks = item->next;
+					pfree(item);
+					break;
+			}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	for (item = remote_check_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 5352d5f4c6..5a24e4f0a4 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "commands/async.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -166,6 +167,9 @@ static ProcSignalReason RecoveryConflictReason;
 static MemoryContext row_description_context = NULL;
 static StringInfoData row_description_buf;
 
+/* Message string for canceling qurery caused by extensions */
+static char		*QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
  *		decls for routines only used in this file
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -3226,6 +3230,13 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 				 errmsg("connection to client lost")));
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * If a recovery conflict happens while we are waiting for input from the
 	 * client, the client is presumably just sitting idle in a transaction,
@@ -3330,8 +3341,21 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QueryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QueryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
+
+		/*
+		 * If a cancel request from FDW is ignored, we expect that it raise SIGINT and
+		 * fill QueryCancelMessage again. But some FDWs may skip its health check if
+		 * we already have a cancel message. To avoid that we clean up it.
+		 */
+		if (QueryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		{
+			pfree(QueryCancelMessage);
+			QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending)
@@ -4266,6 +4290,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QueryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
@@ -5024,3 +5051,26 @@ disable_statement_timeout(void)
 	if (get_timeout_active(STATEMENT_TIMEOUT))
 		disable_timeout(STATEMENT_TIMEOUT, false);
 }
+
+bool
+TrySetQueryCancelMessage(char *message)
+{
+	if (!HasQueryCancelMessage())
+	{
+		MemoryContext old;
+
+		old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+		QueryCancelMessage = pstrdup(message);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+bool
+HasQueryCancelMessage(void)
+{
+	return QueryCancelMessage != NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 1a5d29ac9b..bb94adfea8 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index ac82125530..9859513ac6 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -82,4 +82,23 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* Functions and variables for fdw checking */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem	*next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback		callback;
+	void								*arg;
+};
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+												  void *arg);
+extern void UnRegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+													void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index e7ebea4ff4..75697e2be0 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 5d34978f32..5d1216f170 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -91,4 +91,7 @@ extern bool set_plan_disabling_options(const char *arg,
 									   GucContext context, GucSource source);
 extern const char *get_stats_option_name(const char *arg);
 
+extern bool TrySetQueryCancelMessage(char *message);
+extern bool HasQueryCancelMessage(void);
+
 #endif							/* TCOPPROT_H */
-- 
2.27.0

From a8f7be269dcfe6cd8c4771840faa290e2c20efdb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:02:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v17 1/4] Add an infrastracture for checking remote servers

This patch adds a mechanism for registering callback functions.
They should be used for checking health of remote servers.

These functions will be called when flags CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending and InterruptPending are set to true.
CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending is expected that it is set from signal handlers, which is registered by FDWs.
Inside the function a signal SIGINT should be raised and a message should be set to QueryCancelMessage
if one of remote servers is disconnected. To fill the message new API TrySetQueryCancelMessage can be used.

When a query is canceled and a string is set to QueryCancelMessage,
the server will output the given message to the log instead of the normal message.

Note that TrySetQueryCancelMessage does not allow to override the QueryCancelMessage.
If the function is called but the message is already filled, returns immediately
---
 src/backend/foreign/foreign.c    | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c      | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c |  1 +
 src/include/foreign/foreign.h    | 19 ++++++++++
 src/include/miscadmin.h          |  2 ++
 src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h      |  3 ++
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list |  1 +
 7 files changed, 136 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
index 353e20a0cf..58353abc40 100644
--- a/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
+++ b/src/backend/foreign/foreign.c
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
+static CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *remote_check_callbacks = NULL;
 
 /*
  * GetForeignDataWrapper -	look up the foreign-data wrapper by OID.
@@ -810,3 +812,61 @@ GetExistingLocalJoinPath(RelOptInfo *joinrel)
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+
+/*
+ * Register callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function is intended for use by FDW extensions.
+ */
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+									  void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	item = (CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *)
+			MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
+			sizeof(CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem));
+	item->callback = callback;
+	item->arg = arg;
+	item->next = remote_check_callbacks;
+	remote_check_callbacks = item;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Deregister callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ */
+void
+UnregisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+										void *arg)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *prev;
+
+	prev = NULL;
+	for (item = remote_check_callbacks; item; prev = item, item = item->next)
+	{
+			if (item->callback == callback && item->arg == arg)
+			{
+					if (prev)
+							prev->next = item->next;
+					else
+							remote_check_callbacks = item->next;
+					pfree(item);
+					break;
+			}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call callbacks for checking remote servers.
+ */
+void
+CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem *item;
+
+	for (item = remote_check_callbacks; item; item = item->next)
+		item->callback(item->arg);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index a9a1851c94..f0f00d316e 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "commands/async.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
+#include "foreign/foreign.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
@@ -166,6 +167,9 @@ static ProcSignalReason RecoveryConflictReason;
 static MemoryContext row_description_context = NULL;
 static StringInfoData row_description_buf;
 
+/* Message string for canceling qurery caused by extensions */
+static char		*QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
  *		decls for routines only used in this file
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -3226,6 +3230,13 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 				 errmsg("connection to client lost")));
 	}
 
+	if (CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks();
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * If a recovery conflict happens while we are waiting for input from the
 	 * client, the client is presumably just sitting idle in a transaction,
@@ -3330,8 +3341,21 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 			LockErrorCleanup();
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED),
+					 QueryCancelMessage ?
+					 errmsg("%s", QueryCancelMessage) :
 					 errmsg("canceling statement due to user request")));
 		}
+
+		/*
+		 * If a cancel request from FDW is ignored, we expect that it raise SIGINT and
+		 * fill QueryCancelMessage again. But some FDWs may skip its health check if
+		 * we already have a cancel message. To avoid that we clean up it.
+		 */
+		if (QueryCancelMessage != NULL)
+		{
+			pfree(QueryCancelMessage);
+			QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (IdleInTransactionSessionTimeoutPending)
@@ -4266,6 +4290,9 @@ PostgresMain(const char *dbname, const char *username)
 		/* Report the error to the client and/or server log */
 		EmitErrorReport();
 
+		/* Make sure QueryCancelMessage is reset. */
+		QueryCancelMessage = NULL;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure debug_query_string gets reset before we possibly clobber
 		 * the storage it points at.
@@ -5024,3 +5051,26 @@ disable_statement_timeout(void)
 	if (get_timeout_active(STATEMENT_TIMEOUT))
 		disable_timeout(STATEMENT_TIMEOUT, false);
 }
+
+bool
+TrySetQueryCancelMessage(char *message)
+{
+	if (!HasQueryCancelMessage())
+	{
+		MemoryContext old;
+
+		old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
+		QueryCancelMessage = pstrdup(message);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+bool
+HasQueryCancelMessage(void)
+{
+	return QueryCancelMessage != NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 1a5d29ac9b..bb94adfea8 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
index ac82125530..22f8143bdd 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/foreign.h
@@ -82,4 +82,23 @@ extern List *GetForeignColumnOptions(Oid relid, AttrNumber attnum);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_data_wrapper_oid(const char *fdwname, bool missing_ok);
 extern Oid	get_foreign_server_oid(const char *servername, bool missing_ok);
 
+
+/* Functions and variables for fdw checking */
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+
+typedef struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem;
+
+struct CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem	*next;
+	CheckingRemoteServersCallback		callback;
+	void								*arg;
+};
+
+extern void RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+												  void *arg);
+extern void UnregisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+													void *arg);
+extern void CallCheckingRemoteServersCallbacks(void);
+
 #endif							/* FOREIGN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index e7ebea4ff4..75697e2be0 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending;
+
 /* these are marked volatile because they are examined by signal handlers: */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount;
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
index 5d34978f32..5d1216f170 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h
@@ -91,4 +91,7 @@ extern bool set_plan_disabling_options(const char *arg,
 									   GucContext context, GucSource source);
 extern const char *get_stats_option_name(const char *arg);
 
+extern bool TrySetQueryCancelMessage(char *message);
+extern bool HasQueryCancelMessage(void);
+
 #endif							/* TCOPPROT_H */
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index d9b839c979..3a1f9ac271 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -363,6 +363,7 @@ CatalogId
 CatalogIdMapEntry
 CatalogIndexState
 ChangeVarNodes_context
+CheckingRemoteServersCallbackItem
 CheckPoint
 CheckPointStmt
 CheckpointStatsData
-- 
2.27.0

From b194426726f39404a0e630ef480c69ee6f0fe7f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:30:56 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v17 2/4] postgres_fdw: Implement health check feature

This patch adds a new GUC parameter postgres_fdw.health_check_interval.
This defines a time interval between checking remote servers.

In the checking function we use a socket event WL_SOCKET_CLOSED.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c   | 177 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c       |  63 ++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h |   3 +
 3 files changed, 240 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 939d114f02..99ee663614 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datetime.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/inval.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Connection cache hash table entry
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		keep_connections;	/* setting value of keep_connections
 									 * server option */
 	Oid			serverid;		/* foreign server OID used to get server name */
+	char	   *servername;		/* foreign server name used to report ERROR */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
 	PgFdwConnState state;		/* extra per-connection state */
@@ -80,6 +83,9 @@ static unsigned int prep_stmt_number = 0;
 /* tracks whether any work is needed in callback functions */
 static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 
+/* Timeout identifier for health check  */
+TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout = MAX_TIMEOUTS;
+
 /*
  * SQL functions
  */
@@ -117,6 +123,11 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
+/* Functions for checking remote servers */
+static void pgfdw_connection_check(void *arg);
+static bool pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn);
+static void pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler(void);
+
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
  * server with the user's authorization.  A new connection is established
@@ -160,6 +171,13 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
 		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(USERMAPPINGOID,
 									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+		CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(FOREIGNSERVERNAME,
+									  pgfdw_inval_callback, (Datum) 0);
+
+		/* Register a timeout and a callback for checking remote servers */
+		pgfdw_health_check_timeout = RegisterTimeout(USER_TIMEOUT,
+													 pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler);
+		RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(pgfdw_connection_check, NULL);
 	}
 
 	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
@@ -175,10 +193,11 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (!found)
 	{
 		/*
-		 * We need only clear "conn" here; remaining fields will be filled
-		 * later when "conn" is set.
+		 * We need clear "conn" and "servername" here; remaining fields will be filled
+		 * later when they are set.
 		 */
 		entry->conn = NULL;
+		entry->servername = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Reject further use of connections which failed abort cleanup. */
@@ -203,6 +222,19 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (entry->conn == NULL)
 		make_new_connection(entry, user);
 
+	/*
+	 * If cache entry doesn't have a name, duplicate it to the TopMemoryContext
+	 */
+	if (entry->servername == NULL)
+	{
+		MemoryContext old;
+		ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(user->serverid);
+
+		old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
+		entry->servername = pstrdup(server->servername);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * We check the health of the cached connection here when using it.  In
 	 * cases where we're out of all transactions, if a broken connection is
@@ -283,6 +315,12 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt, PgFdwConnState **state)
 	if (state)
 		*state = &entry->state;
 
+	/* Start health-check timer if needed */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0 &&
+		!get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
@@ -532,6 +570,12 @@ disconnect_pg_server(ConnCacheEntry *entry)
 		entry->conn = NULL;
 		ReleaseExternalFD();
 	}
+
+	if (entry->servername != NULL)
+	{
+		pfree(entry->servername);
+		entry->servername = NULL;
+	}
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1040,6 +1084,9 @@ pgfdw_xact_callback(XactEvent event, void *arg)
 	 */
 	xact_got_connection = false;
 
+	/* Stop timer because checking is no more needed. */
+	disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
 	/* Also reset cursor numbering for next transaction */
 	cursor_number = 0;
 }
@@ -1148,7 +1195,7 @@ pgfdw_inval_callback(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue)
 	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
 	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
 
-	Assert(cacheid == FOREIGNSERVEROID || cacheid == USERMAPPINGOID);
+	Assert(cacheid == FOREIGNSERVEROID || cacheid == USERMAPPINGOID || cacheid == FOREIGNSERVERNAME);
 
 	/* ConnectionHash must exist already, if we're registered */
 	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
@@ -1179,6 +1226,21 @@ pgfdw_inval_callback(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue)
 			else
 				entry->invalidated = true;
 		}
+
+		/* If ALTER SERVER RENAME is executed, the entry must be also modified. */
+		if (cacheid == FOREIGNSERVERNAME &&
+			entry->server_hashvalue == hashvalue)
+		{
+			ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			MemoryContext old;
+
+			if (entry->servername != NULL)
+				pfree(entry->servername);
+
+			old = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
+			entry->servername = pstrdup(server->servername);
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1862,3 +1924,112 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Signal handler for triggering health check
+ */
+static void
+pgfdw_checking_remote_servers_timeout_handler(void)
+{
+	CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Function for checking remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning
+ * and performs a health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Raise SIGINT if someone might be down, otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+static void
+pgfdw_connection_check(void *arg)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool			killed = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	/*
+	 * checking will be done by waiting WL_SOCKET_CLOSED event,
+	 * so exit immediately if it cannot be used in this system.
+	 */
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed())
+		return;
+
+	/* raise SIGINT if QueryCancelMessage has been already set. */
+	if (HasQueryCancelMessage())
+	{
+		kill(MyProcPid, SIGINT);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (!killed)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+		while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+		{
+			if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
+				continue;
+			if (!pgfdw_connection_check_internal(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Foreign server might be down, so raise SIGINT.
+				 * Note that error message is passed to QueryCancelMessage
+				 * for reporting error in ProcessInterrupts().
+				 */
+				char msg[31 + MAXDATELEN];
+				snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Foreign Server \"%s\" might be down.", entry->servername);
+				TrySetQueryCancelMessage(msg);
+
+				hash_seq_term(&scan);
+
+				kill(MyProcPid, SIGINT);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* re-schedule timer if needed. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_interval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout,
+							 pgfdw_health_check_interval);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper function for pgfdw_connection_check
+ */
+static bool
+pgfdw_connection_check_internal(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	WaitEventSet *eventset;
+	WaitEvent events;
+
+	Assert(WaitEventSetCanReportClosed());
+
+	/* Raise an ERROR if invalid socket has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		PQsocket(conn) == PGINVALID_SOCKET)
+		elog(ERROR, "Invalid connection has been arrived");
+
+	eventset = CreateWaitEventSet(TopMemoryContext, 1);
+
+	(void) AddWaitEventToSet(eventset, WL_SOCKET_CLOSED, PQsocket(conn), NULL, NULL);
+
+	WaitEventSetWait(eventset, 0, &events, 1, 0);
+
+	/* return false if the socket seems to be closed */
+	if (events.events & WL_SOCKET_CLOSED)
+	{
+		FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	FreeWaitEventSet(eventset);
+	return true;
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
index fa80ee2a55..9cd5a32e77 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/option.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "commands/extension.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq-be.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ static PQconninfoOption *libpq_options;
  * GUC parameters
  */
 char	   *pgfdw_application_name = NULL;
+int			pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -58,6 +60,13 @@ static void InitPgFdwOptions(void);
 static bool is_valid_option(const char *keyword, Oid context);
 static bool is_libpq_option(const char *keyword);
 
+/*
+ * GUC hooks
+ */
+static bool check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra,
+											  GucSource source);
+static void assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra);
+
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 
 /*
@@ -518,6 +527,47 @@ process_pgfdw_appname(const char *appname)
 	return buf.data;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check hook for pgfdw_health_check_interval
+ */
+static bool
+check_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int *newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
+{
+	if (!WaitEventSetCanReportClosed() && *newval != 0)
+	{
+		GUC_check_errdetail("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval must be set to 0 on this platform");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Assign hook for pgfdw_health_check_interval
+ */
+static void
+assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval(int newval, void *extra)
+{
+	/* Quick return if timeout is not registered yet. */
+	if (pgfdw_health_check_timeout == MAX_TIMEOUTS)
+		return;
+
+	if (get_timeout_active(pgfdw_health_check_timeout))
+	{
+		if (newval == 0)
+			disable_timeout(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, false);
+
+		/*
+		 * we don't have to do anything because
+		 * new value will be used in pgfdw_connection_check().
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Start timeout if wants to */
+	if (newval > 0)
+		enable_timeout_after(pgfdw_health_check_timeout, newval);
+}
+
 /*
  * Module load callback
  */
@@ -543,5 +593,18 @@ _PG_init(void)
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("postgres_fdw.health_check_interval",
+							"Sets the time interval between checks of remote servers.",
+							NULL,
+							&pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							0,
+							0,
+							INT_MAX,
+							PGC_USERSET,
+							GUC_UNIT_MS,
+							check_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							assign_pgfdw_health_check_interval,
+							NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("postgres_fdw");
 }
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index a11d45bedf..4670e8d391 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
 /*
@@ -151,6 +152,7 @@ extern PGresult *pgfdw_exec_query(PGconn *conn, const char *query,
 								  PgFdwConnState *state);
 extern void pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, PGconn *conn,
 							   bool clear, const char *sql);
+extern TimeoutId pgfdw_health_check_timeout;
 
 /* in option.c */
 extern int	ExtractConnectionOptions(List *defelems,
@@ -160,6 +162,7 @@ extern List *ExtractExtensionList(const char *extensionsString,
 								  bool warnOnMissing);
 extern char *process_pgfdw_appname(const char *appname);
 extern char *pgfdw_application_name;
+extern int	pgfdw_health_check_interval;
 
 /* in deparse.c */
 extern void classifyConditions(PlannerInfo *root,
-- 
2.27.0

From d6aa86749753ddfaeb2eec3140e6ae0ccfc584e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:47:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v17 3/4] add doc

This patch adds descriptions about postgres_fdw.health_check_interval
---
 doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml   | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml | 26 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 101 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
index 94263c628f..b28d58aa24 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml
@@ -2138,4 +2138,79 @@ GetForeignServerByName(const char *name, bool missing_ok);
 
   </sect1>
 
+   <sect1 id="fdw-health-check">
+    <title>Health check of Foreign servers</title>
+
+    <para>
+     Additionally, the FDW author can implement a function to check health of
+     foreign servers. PostgreSQL has a mechanism to call callback functions
+     registered by FDW, and they will be done when flags are set. To enable the
+     feature, FDW authors must  1) implement health check function, 2) register
+     the implemented function as health check callback function, and
+     3) set flags in arbitrary ways.
+    </para>
+
+    <sect2 id="fdw-health-check-implement">
+     <title>Implement health check function</title>
+
+     <para>
+      The health check function must be defined as following datatype.
+<programlisting>
+typedef void (*CheckingRemoteServersCallback) (void *arg);
+</programlisting>
+     </para>
+
+     <para>
+      When FDW finds disconnections to foreign servers, the function must set
+      an error message and send SIGINT signal to its backend process. To fill
+      and check the message following APIs can be used, which are declared in
+      <filename>tcop/tcopprot.h</filename>.
+
+<programlisting>
+extern bool TrySetQueryCancelMessage(char *message);
+extern bool HasQueryCancelMessage(void);
+</programlisting>
+
+      Note that the message will be duplicated to the transactional memory
+      context. The message does not have to be allocated memory by FDW author.
+     </para>
+
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="fdw-health-check-callback">
+     <title>Register a callback</title>
+
+     <para>
+      Authors need to register the callback function via following API.
+
+<programlisting>
+void
+RegisterCheckingRemoteServersCallback(CheckingRemoteServersCallback callback,
+                                      void *arg)
+</programlisting>
+     </para>
+
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="fdw-health-check-timeout">
+     <title>Set flags in arbitrary ways</title>
+
+     <para>
+      Finally, authors must implement a mechanism to fire the health check
+      callbacks. It can be done by setting flags <literal>CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending</literal>
+      and <literal>InterruptPending</literal> to true. They are declared in <filename>miscadmin.h</filename>.
+
+<programlisting>
+volatile sig_atomic_t InterruptPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t CheckingRemoteServersTimeoutPending = false;
+</programlisting>
+
+      Typically, the timeout mechanism can be used to set these flags. The
+      detailed description and usage are written in <filename>src/backend/utils/misc/timeout.c</filename>.
+     </para>
+
+    </sect2>
+
+   </sect1>
+
  </chapter>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 527f4deaaa..231ce85b35 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -1082,6 +1082,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
 
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry id="guc-pgfdw-health-check-interval" xreflabel="postgres_fdw.health_check_interval">
+    <term>
+     <varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)
+     <indexterm>
+      <primary><varname>postgres_fdw.health_check_interval</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+     </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Sets the time interval between optional checks that remote servers
+      are still alive. When losing a remote connection is detected,
+      the running transaction is aborted. This feature is performed
+      by polling the socket.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      This option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently available
+      on other systems.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+      If the value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds.
+      The default value is <literal>0</literal>, which disables connection
+      checks.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect2>
 
-- 
2.27.0

From ad11ecb2b00dbef3fee4fb4197c9494d08858ed5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v17 4/4] add test

Note that this test has some variant comparison files. One comparison file is needed
because some platforms like Windows cannot check the status of the socket.
Another file is because the output is not stabilized.
The ordering of ERROR and WARNING seems to depend on the timing of whether the timeout is fired.
---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    |    41 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out  | 11619 +++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out  | 11623 ++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |    27 +
 4 files changed, 23310 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index b3c8ce0131..820ea91cec 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11576,3 +11576,44 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+-- FIXME: this should be skipped in some platforms
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+ERROR:  Foreign Server "loopback" might be down.
+WARNING:  FATAL:  terminating connection due to administrator command
+server closed the connection unexpectedly
+	This probably means the server terminated abnormally
+	before or while processing the request.
+COMMIT;
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..609478861b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11619 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: (upper((a.c7)::text) = (b.c7)::text)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r4."C 1" = r5."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r4."C 1" = r5."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t1.c3 = t2.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t1.c3 = t2.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE (($1::character varying(10) = f3))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  401 |   1 | 00401              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  411 |   1 | 00411              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  421 |   1 | 00421              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  440 |   0 | 00440              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  503 | 303 | 00503_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  626 |   6 | 00626              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  628 |   8 | 00628              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  630 |   0 | 00630              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  631 |   1 | 00631              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  633 | 303 | 00633_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  634 |   4 | 00634              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  636 |   6 | 00636              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  640 |   0 | 00640              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  641 |   1 | 00641              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  643 | 303 | 00643_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  644 |   4 | 00644              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  646 |   6 | 00646              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  648 |   8 | 00648              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  649 | 509 | 00649_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  650 |   0 | 00650              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  651 |   1 | 00651              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  653 | 303 | 00653_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  654 |   4 | 00654              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  656 |   6 | 00656              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  658 |   8 | 00658              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  659 | 509 | 00659_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  660 |   0 | 00660              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  661 |   1 | 00661              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  663 | 303 | 00663_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  664 |   4 | 00664              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  666 |   6 | 00666              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  668 |   8 | 00668              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  669 | 509 | 00669_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  670 |   0 | 00670              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  671 |   1 | 00671              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  673 | 303 | 00673_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  674 |   4 | 00674              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  676 |   6 | 00676              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  678 |   8 | 00678              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  679 | 509 | 00679_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  680 |   0 | 00680              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  681 |   1 | 00681              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  683 | 303 | 00683_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  684 |   4 | 00684              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  686 |   6 | 00686              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  688 |   8 | 00688              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  689 | 509 | 00689_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  690 |   0 | 00690              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  691 |   1 | 00691              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  693 | 303 | 00693_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  694 |   4 | 00694              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  696 |   6 | 00696              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  698 |   8 | 00698              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  699 | 509 | 00699_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  700 |   0 | 00700              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  701 |   1 | 00701              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  703 | 303 | 00703_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  704 |   4 | 00704              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  706 |   6 | 00706              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  708 |   8 | 00708              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  709 | 509 | 00709_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  710 |   0 | 00710              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  711 |   1 | 00711              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  713 | 303 | 00713_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  714 |   4 | 00714              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  716 |   6 | 00716              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  718 |   8 | 00718              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  719 | 509 | 00719_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  720 |   0 | 00720              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  721 |   1 | 00721              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  723 | 303 | 00723_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  724 |   4 | 00724              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  726 |   6 | 00726              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  728 |   8 | 00728              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  729 | 509 | 00729_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  730 |   0 | 00730              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  731 |   1 | 00731              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  733 | 303 | 00733_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  734 |   4 | 00734              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  736 |   6 | 00736              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  738 |   8 | 00738              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  739 | 509 | 00739_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  740 |   0 | 00740              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  741 |   1 | 00741              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  743 | 303 | 00743_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  744 |   4 | 00744              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  746 |   6 | 00746              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  748 |   8 | 00748              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  749 | 509 | 00749_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  750 |   0 | 00750              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  751 |   1 | 00751              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  753 | 303 | 00753_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  754 |   4 | 00754              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  756 |   6 | 00756              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  758 |   8 | 00758              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  759 | 509 | 00759_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  760 |   0 | 00760              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  761 |   1 | 00761              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  763 | 303 | 00763_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  764 |   4 | 00764              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  766 |   6 | 00766              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  768 |   8 | 00768              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  769 | 509 | 00769_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  770 |   0 | 00770              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  771 |   1 | 00771              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  773 | 303 | 00773_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  774 |   4 | 00774              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  776 |   6 | 00776              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  778 |   8 | 00778              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  779 | 509 | 00779_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  780 |   0 | 00780              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  781 |   1 | 00781              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  783 | 303 | 00783_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  784 |   4 | 00784              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  786 |   6 | 00786              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  788 |   8 | 00788              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  789 | 509 | 00789_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  790 |   0 | 00790              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  791 |   1 | 00791              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  793 | 303 | 00793_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  794 |   4 | 00794              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  796 |   6 | 00796              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  798 |   8 | 00798              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  799 | 509 | 00799_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  800 |   0 | 00800              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  801 |   1 | 00801              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  803 | 303 | 00803_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  804 |   4 | 00804              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  806 |   6 | 00806              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  808 |   8 | 00808              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  809 | 509 | 00809_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  810 |   0 | 00810              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  811 |   1 | 00811              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  813 | 303 | 00813_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  814 |   4 | 00814              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  816 |   6 | 00816              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  818 |   8 | 00818              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  819 | 509 | 00819_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  820 |   0 | 00820              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  821 |   1 | 00821              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  823 | 303 | 00823_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  824 |   4 | 00824              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  826 |   6 | 00826              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  828 |   8 | 00828              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  829 | 509 | 00829_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  830 |   0 | 00830              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  831 |   1 | 00831              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  833 | 303 | 00833_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  834 |   4 | 00834              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  836 |   6 | 00836              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  838 |   8 | 00838              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  839 | 509 | 00839_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  840 |   0 | 00840              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  841 |   1 | 00841              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  843 | 303 | 00843_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  844 |   4 | 00844              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  846 |   6 | 00846              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  848 |   8 | 00848              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  849 | 509 | 00849_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  850 |   0 | 00850              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  851 |   1 | 00851              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  853 | 303 | 00853_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  854 |   4 | 00854              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  856 |   6 | 00856              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  858 |   8 | 00858              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  859 | 509 | 00859_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  860 |   0 | 00860              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  861 |   1 | 00861              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  863 | 303 | 00863_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  864 |   4 | 00864              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  866 |   6 | 00866              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  868 |   8 | 00868              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  869 | 509 | 00869_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  870 |   0 | 00870              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  871 |   1 | 00871              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  873 | 303 | 00873_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  874 |   4 | 00874              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  876 |   6 | 00876              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  878 |   8 | 00878              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  879 | 509 | 00879_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  880 |   0 | 00880              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  881 |   1 | 00881              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  883 | 303 | 00883_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  884 |   4 | 00884              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  886 |   6 | 00886              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  888 |   8 | 00888              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  889 | 509 | 00889_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  890 |   0 | 00890              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  891 |   1 | 00891              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  893 | 303 | 00893_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  894 |   4 | 00894              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  896 |   6 | 00896              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  898 |   8 | 00898              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  899 | 509 | 00899_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  900 |   0 | 00900              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  901 |   1 | 00901              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  903 | 303 | 00903_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  904 |   4 | 00904              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  906 |   6 | 00906              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  908 |   8 | 00908              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  909 | 509 | 00909_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  910 |   0 | 00910              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  911 |   1 | 00911              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  913 | 303 | 00913_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  914 |   4 | 00914              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  916 |   6 | 00916              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  918 |   8 | 00918              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  919 | 509 | 00919_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  920 |   0 | 00920              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  921 |   1 | 00921              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  923 | 303 | 00923_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  924 |   4 | 00924              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  926 |   6 | 00926              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  928 |   8 | 00928              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  929 | 509 | 00929_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  930 |   0 | 00930              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  931 |   1 | 00931              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  933 | 303 | 00933_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  934 |   4 | 00934              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  936 |   6 | 00936              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  938 |   8 | 00938              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  939 | 509 | 00939_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  940 |   0 | 00940              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  941 |   1 | 00941              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  943 | 303 | 00943_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  948 |   8 | 00948              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  949 | 509 | 00949_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  950 |   0 | 00950              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  951 |   1 | 00951              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  954 |   4 | 00954              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  956 |   6 | 00956              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  960 |   0 | 00960              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  969 | 509 | 00969_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  970 |   0 | 00970              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  979 | 509 | 00979_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (($1::integer = a))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (($1::integer = a))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (local_tbl.a = async_pt_3.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (local_tbl.a = a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+-- FIXME: this should be skipped in some platforms
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+WARNING:  FATAL:  terminating connection due to administrator command
+server closed the connection unexpectedly
+	This probably means the server terminated abnormally
+	before or while processing the request.
+ERROR:  Foreign Server "loopback" might be down.
+COMMIT;
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1d8191143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11623 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: (upper((a.c7)::text) = (b.c7)::text)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r4."C 1" = r5."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r4."C 1" = r5."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t1.c3 = t2.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t1.c3 = t2.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE (($1::character varying(10) = f3))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  401 |   1 | 00401              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  411 |   1 | 00411              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  420 |   0 | 00420              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  421 |   1 | 00421              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  440 |   0 | 00440              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  441 |   1 | 00441              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  469 | 509 | 00469_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  496 |   6 | 00496              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  503 | 303 | 00503_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  513 | 303 | 00513_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  558 |   8 | 00558              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  559 | 509 | 00559_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  608 |   8 | 00608              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  609 | 509 | 00609_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  610 |   0 | 00610              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  611 |   1 | 00611              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  613 | 303 | 00613_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  614 |   4 | 00614              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  616 |   6 | 00616              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  618 |   8 | 00618              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  619 | 509 | 00619_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  620 |   0 | 00620              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  621 |   1 | 00621              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  624 |   4 | 00624              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  626 |   6 | 00626              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  628 |   8 | 00628              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  630 |   0 | 00630              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  631 |   1 | 00631              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  633 | 303 | 00633_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  634 |   4 | 00634              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  636 |   6 | 00636              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  640 |   0 | 00640              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  641 |   1 | 00641              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  643 | 303 | 00643_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  644 |   4 | 00644              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  646 |   6 | 00646              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  648 |   8 | 00648              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  649 | 509 | 00649_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  650 |   0 | 00650              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  651 |   1 | 00651              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  653 | 303 | 00653_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  654 |   4 | 00654              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  656 |   6 | 00656              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  658 |   8 | 00658              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  659 | 509 | 00659_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  660 |   0 | 00660              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  661 |   1 | 00661              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  663 | 303 | 00663_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  664 |   4 | 00664              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  666 |   6 | 00666              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  668 |   8 | 00668              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  669 | 509 | 00669_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  670 |   0 | 00670              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  671 |   1 | 00671              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  673 | 303 | 00673_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  674 |   4 | 00674              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  676 |   6 | 00676              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  678 |   8 | 00678              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  679 | 509 | 00679_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  680 |   0 | 00680              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  681 |   1 | 00681              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  683 | 303 | 00683_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  684 |   4 | 00684              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  686 |   6 | 00686              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  688 |   8 | 00688              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  689 | 509 | 00689_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  690 |   0 | 00690              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  691 |   1 | 00691              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  693 | 303 | 00693_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  694 |   4 | 00694              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  696 |   6 | 00696              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  698 |   8 | 00698              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  699 | 509 | 00699_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  700 |   0 | 00700              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  701 |   1 | 00701              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  703 | 303 | 00703_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  704 |   4 | 00704              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  706 |   6 | 00706              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  708 |   8 | 00708              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  709 | 509 | 00709_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  710 |   0 | 00710              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  711 |   1 | 00711              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  713 | 303 | 00713_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  714 |   4 | 00714              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  716 |   6 | 00716              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  718 |   8 | 00718              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  719 | 509 | 00719_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  720 |   0 | 00720              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  721 |   1 | 00721              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  723 | 303 | 00723_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  724 |   4 | 00724              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  726 |   6 | 00726              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  728 |   8 | 00728              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  729 | 509 | 00729_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  730 |   0 | 00730              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  731 |   1 | 00731              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  733 | 303 | 00733_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  734 |   4 | 00734              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  736 |   6 | 00736              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  738 |   8 | 00738              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  739 | 509 | 00739_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  740 |   0 | 00740              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  741 |   1 | 00741              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  743 | 303 | 00743_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  744 |   4 | 00744              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  746 |   6 | 00746              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  748 |   8 | 00748              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  749 | 509 | 00749_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  750 |   0 | 00750              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  751 |   1 | 00751              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  753 | 303 | 00753_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  754 |   4 | 00754              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  756 |   6 | 00756              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  758 |   8 | 00758              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  759 | 509 | 00759_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  760 |   0 | 00760              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  761 |   1 | 00761              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  763 | 303 | 00763_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  764 |   4 | 00764              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  766 |   6 | 00766              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  768 |   8 | 00768              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  769 | 509 | 00769_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  770 |   0 | 00770              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  771 |   1 | 00771              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  773 | 303 | 00773_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  774 |   4 | 00774              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  776 |   6 | 00776              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  778 |   8 | 00778              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  779 | 509 | 00779_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  780 |   0 | 00780              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  781 |   1 | 00781              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  783 | 303 | 00783_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  784 |   4 | 00784              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  786 |   6 | 00786              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  788 |   8 | 00788              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  789 | 509 | 00789_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  790 |   0 | 00790              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  793 | 303 | 00793_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  794 |   4 | 00794              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  796 |   6 | 00796              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  798 |   8 | 00798              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  799 | 509 | 00799_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  800 |   0 | 00800              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  801 |   1 | 00801              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  803 | 303 | 00803_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  804 |   4 | 00804              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  806 |   6 | 00806              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  808 |   8 | 00808              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  809 | 509 | 00809_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  810 |   0 | 00810              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  811 |   1 | 00811              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  813 | 303 | 00813_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  814 |   4 | 00814              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  816 |   6 | 00816              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  818 |   8 | 00818              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  819 | 509 | 00819_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  820 |   0 | 00820              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  821 |   1 | 00821              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  823 | 303 | 00823_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  824 |   4 | 00824              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  826 |   6 | 00826              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  828 |   8 | 00828              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  829 | 509 | 00829_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  830 |   0 | 00830              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  834 |   4 | 00834              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  836 |   6 | 00836              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  838 |   8 | 00838              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  839 | 509 | 00839_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  844 |   4 | 00844              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  851 |   1 | 00851              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  854 |   4 | 00854              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  856 |   6 | 00856              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  858 |   8 | 00858              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  860 |   0 | 00860              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  864 |   4 | 00864              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  866 |   6 | 00866              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  874 |   4 | 00874              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  876 |   6 | 00876              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  878 |   8 | 00878              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  880 |   0 | 00880              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  884 |   4 | 00884              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  886 |   6 | 00886              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  888 |   8 | 00888              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  890 |   0 | 00890              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  894 |   4 | 00894              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  896 |   6 | 00896              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  898 |   8 | 00898              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  900 |   0 | 00900              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  901 |   1 | 00901              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  903 | 303 | 00903_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  904 |   4 | 00904              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  906 |   6 | 00906              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  908 |   8 | 00908              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  909 | 509 | 00909_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  913 | 303 | 00913_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  914 |   4 | 00914              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  916 |   6 | 00916              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  918 |   8 | 00918              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  919 | 509 | 00919_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  921 |   1 | 00921              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  923 | 303 | 00923_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  924 |   4 | 00924              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  926 |   6 | 00926              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  928 |   8 | 00928              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  929 | 509 | 00929_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  930 |   0 | 00930              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  931 |   1 | 00931              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  933 | 303 | 00933_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  934 |   4 | 00934              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  936 |   6 | 00936              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  938 |   8 | 00938              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  943 | 303 | 00943_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (($1::integer = a))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (($1::integer = a))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (local_tbl.a = async_pt_3.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (local_tbl.a = a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+-- FIXME: this should be skipped in some platforms
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+ pg_sleep 
+----------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+ERROR:  server closed the connection unexpectedly
+	This probably means the server terminated abnormally
+	before or while processing the request.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: COMMIT TRANSACTION
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index b0dbb41fb5..f6e8ca1973 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3788,3 +3788,30 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for health-check feature
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Set GUC for checking the health of remote servers
+SET postgres_fdw.health_check_interval TO '1s';
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+-- FIXME: this should be skipped in some platforms
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+-- While sleeping the process down will be detected.
+SELECT pg_sleep(3);
+COMMIT;
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 0682db975f1e715e727d2acfe335fec81e44811a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v18 1/3] Add PQConncheck to libpq

This new libpq function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 24 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  1 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 69 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 3c9bd3d673..99ef0f61a4 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,30 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..3c4f946b51 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,4 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 795500c593..6502adcc09 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1224,6 +1224,47 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents & POLLRDHUP;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index b7df3224c0..8b2d78f3ef 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,9 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 90cc57c6a55f279df1a427f665c272bbe0d9d1a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v18 2/3] postgres_fdw: add postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if all checked connections are still valid. False is returned
if the checking is not supported on this platform.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 48 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  5 ++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                | 26 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 79 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f0c45b00db..584b914814 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -1862,3 +1863,50 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Check health of remote servers.
+ *
+ * This function searches the hash table from the beginning and performs a
+ * health-check on each entry.
+ *
+ * Return true if all servers seem good, return false if we could not check on
+ * this platform, and raise an ERROR if a disconnection is found.
+ *
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool check_all = PG_GETARG_BOOL(0);
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has been not initialized yet. */
+	if (ConnectionHash == NULL)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(true);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		if (entry->conn == NULL ||
+			(entry->xact_depth == 0 && !check_all))
+			continue;
+		if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Foreign server might be down, so throw ereport(ERROR).
+			 */
+			ForeignServer *server;
+
+			server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("could not connect to server \"%s\"",
+							server->servername),
+					 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+					 errhint("Please check the health of the server.")));
+		}
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(true);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..d0a82410c9 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,8 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers (boolean)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 527f4deaaa..790a5256ac 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -790,6 +790,32 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(check_all boolean) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+     This function checks the status of remote open connections that are
+     established by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>. This check is performed
+     by polling the socket and allows long-running transactions to be aborted
+     sooner if the kernel reports that the connection is closed. This function is
+     currently available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+     extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+     returns <literal>true</literal> if all checked connections are still valid.
+     <literal>false</literal> is returned if the checking is not supported on
+     this platform. If the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+     servers, an error is reported. When check_all is set to true, all
+     established connections are checked. Otherwise connections that have been
+     used in the transaction are checked. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers
+-------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 8b1045a4cf0fe0fbbabcca0d8fcd366f47950a15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v18 3/3] add test

Note that this test has some variant comparison files. One comparison file is needed
because some platforms like Windows cannot check the status of the socket.
Another file is because the output is not stabilized.
The ordering of ERROR and WARNING seems to depend on the timing.
---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    |    37 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out  | 11615 +++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out  | 11622 ++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |    26 +
 4 files changed, 23300 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 558e94b845..f17bb703e7 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11576,3 +11576,40 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false); -- should fail on supported platform
+ERROR:  08006
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ce169c837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11615 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r3."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: ((b.c7)::text = upper((a.c7)::text))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = $1::character varying(10)))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  401 |   1 | 00401              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  411 |   1 | 00411              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  420 |   0 | 00420              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  421 |   1 | 00421              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  431 |   1 | 00431              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  440 |   0 | 00440              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  441 |   1 | 00441              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  451 |   1 | 00451              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  461 |   1 | 00461              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  469 | 509 | 00469_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  470 |   0 | 00470              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  471 |   1 | 00471              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  481 |   1 | 00481              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  490 |   0 | 00490              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  491 |   1 | 00491              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  496 |   6 | 00496              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  498 |   8 | 00498              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  499 | 509 | 00499_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  500 |   0 | 00500              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  501 |   1 | 00501              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  503 | 303 | 00503_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  506 |   6 | 00506              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  508 |   8 | 00508              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  509 | 509 | 00509_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  510 |   0 | 00510              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  511 |   1 | 00511              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  513 | 303 | 00513_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  514 |   4 | 00514              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  516 |   6 | 00516              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  518 |   8 | 00518              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  519 | 509 | 00519_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  520 |   0 | 00520              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  521 |   1 | 00521              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  524 |   4 | 00524              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  526 |   6 | 00526              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  530 |   0 | 00530              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  533 | 303 | 00533_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  536 |   6 | 00536              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  538 |   8 | 00538              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  539 | 509 | 00539_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  544 |   4 | 00544              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  546 |   6 | 00546              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  548 |   8 | 00548              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  549 | 509 | 00549_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  550 |   0 | 00550              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  558 |   8 | 00558              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  559 | 509 | 00559_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  560 |   0 | 00560              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  561 |   1 | 00561              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  568 |   8 | 00568              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  569 | 509 | 00569_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  573 | 303 | 00573_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  574 |   4 | 00574              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  583 | 303 | 00583_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  584 |   4 | 00584              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  589 | 509 | 00589_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  764 |   4 | 00764              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  766 |   6 | 00766              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  768 |   8 | 00768              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  769 | 509 | 00769_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  770 |   0 | 00770              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  771 |   1 | 00771              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  773 | 303 | 00773_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  774 |   4 | 00774              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  776 |   6 | 00776              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  778 |   8 | 00778              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  779 | 509 | 00779_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  780 |   0 | 00780              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  781 |   1 | 00781              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  783 | 303 | 00783_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  784 |   4 | 00784              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  786 |   6 | 00786              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  788 |   8 | 00788              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  789 | 509 | 00789_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  790 |   0 | 00790              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  791 |   1 | 00791              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  793 | 303 | 00793_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  794 |   4 | 00794              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  796 |   6 | 00796              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  798 |   8 | 00798              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  799 | 509 | 00799_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  800 |   0 | 00800              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  801 |   1 | 00801              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  803 | 303 | 00803_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  804 |   4 | 00804              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  806 |   6 | 00806              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  808 |   8 | 00808              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  809 | 509 | 00809_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  810 |   0 | 00810              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  811 |   1 | 00811              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  813 | 303 | 00813_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  814 |   4 | 00814              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  816 |   6 | 00816              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  818 |   8 | 00818              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  819 | 509 | 00819_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  820 |   0 | 00820              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  821 |   1 | 00821              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  823 | 303 | 00823_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  824 |   4 | 00824              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  826 |   6 | 00826              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  828 |   8 | 00828              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  829 | 509 | 00829_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  830 |   0 | 00830              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  831 |   1 | 00831              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  833 | 303 | 00833_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  834 |   4 | 00834              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  836 |   6 | 00836              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  838 |   8 | 00838              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  839 | 509 | 00839_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  840 |   0 | 00840              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  841 |   1 | 00841              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  843 | 303 | 00843_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  844 |   4 | 00844              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  846 |   6 | 00846              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  848 |   8 | 00848              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  849 | 509 | 00849_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  850 |   0 | 00850              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  851 |   1 | 00851              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  853 | 303 | 00853_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  854 |   4 | 00854              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  856 |   6 | 00856              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  858 |   8 | 00858              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  859 | 509 | 00859_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  860 |   0 | 00860              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  861 |   1 | 00861              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  863 | 303 | 00863_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  864 |   4 | 00864              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  866 |   6 | 00866              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  868 |   8 | 00868              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  869 | 509 | 00869_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  870 |   0 | 00870              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  871 |   1 | 00871              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  873 | 303 | 00873_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  874 |   4 | 00874              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  876 |   6 | 00876              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  878 |   8 | 00878              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  879 | 509 | 00879_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  880 |   0 | 00880              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  881 |   1 | 00881              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  883 | 303 | 00883_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  884 |   4 | 00884              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  886 |   6 | 00886              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  888 |   8 | 00888              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  889 | 509 | 00889_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  890 |   0 | 00890              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  891 |   1 | 00891              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  893 | 303 | 00893_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  894 |   4 | 00894              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  896 |   6 | 00896              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  898 |   8 | 00898              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  899 | 509 | 00899_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  900 |   0 | 00900              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  901 |   1 | 00901              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  903 | 303 | 00903_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  904 |   4 | 00904              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  906 |   6 | 00906              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  908 |   8 | 00908              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  909 | 509 | 00909_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  910 |   0 | 00910              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  911 |   1 | 00911              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  913 | 303 | 00913_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  914 |   4 | 00914              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  916 |   6 | 00916              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  918 |   8 | 00918              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  919 | 509 | 00919_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  920 |   0 | 00920              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  921 |   1 | 00921              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  923 | 303 | 00923_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  924 |   4 | 00924              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  926 |   6 | 00926              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  928 |   8 | 00928              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  929 | 509 | 00929_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  930 |   0 | 00930              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  931 |   1 | 00931              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  933 | 303 | 00933_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  934 |   4 | 00934              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  936 |   6 | 00936              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  938 |   8 | 00938              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  939 | 509 | 00939_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  940 |   0 | 00940              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  941 |   1 | 00941              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  943 | 303 | 00943_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  948 |   8 | 00948              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  949 | 509 | 00949_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  950 |   0 | 00950              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  951 |   1 | 00951              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  954 |   4 | 00954              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  956 |   6 | 00956              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  960 |   0 | 00960              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  969 | 509 | 00969_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  970 |   0 | 00970              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  979 | 509 | 00979_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.a = local_tbl.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (a = local_tbl.a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false); -- should fail on supported platform
+WARNING:  08006
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96576d09f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_2.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11622 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r3."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: ((b.c7)::text = upper((a.c7)::text))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = $1::character varying(10)))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  401 |   1 | 00401              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  411 |   1 | 00411              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  420 |   0 | 00420              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  421 |   1 | 00421              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  431 |   1 | 00431              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  440 |   0 | 00440              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  441 |   1 | 00441              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  451 |   1 | 00451              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  461 |   1 | 00461              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  469 | 509 | 00469_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  470 |   0 | 00470              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  471 |   1 | 00471              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  481 |   1 | 00481              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  490 |   0 | 00490              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  491 |   1 | 00491              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  496 |   6 | 00496              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  498 |   8 | 00498              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  499 | 509 | 00499_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  500 |   0 | 00500              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  501 |   1 | 00501              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  503 | 303 | 00503_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  506 |   6 | 00506              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  508 |   8 | 00508              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  509 | 509 | 00509_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  510 |   0 | 00510              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  511 |   1 | 00511              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  513 | 303 | 00513_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  514 |   4 | 00514              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  516 |   6 | 00516              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  518 |   8 | 00518              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  519 | 509 | 00519_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  520 |   0 | 00520              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  521 |   1 | 00521              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  524 |   4 | 00524              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  526 |   6 | 00526              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  530 |   0 | 00530              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  531 |   1 | 00531              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  533 | 303 | 00533_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  536 |   6 | 00536              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  538 |   8 | 00538              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  539 | 509 | 00539_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  540 |   0 | 00540              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  541 |   1 | 00541              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  544 |   4 | 00544              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  546 |   6 | 00546              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  548 |   8 | 00548              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  549 | 509 | 00549_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  550 |   0 | 00550              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  551 |   1 | 00551              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  558 |   8 | 00558              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  559 | 509 | 00559_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  560 |   0 | 00560              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  561 |   1 | 00561              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  566 |   6 | 00566              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  569 | 509 | 00569_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  573 | 303 | 00573_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  574 |   4 | 00574              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  583 | 303 | 00583_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  584 |   4 | 00584              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  589 | 509 | 00589_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  593 | 303 | 00593_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  594 |   4 | 00594              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  599 | 509 | 00599_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  603 | 303 | 00603_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  604 |   4 | 00604              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  609 | 509 | 00609_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  628 |   8 | 00628              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  634 |   4 | 00634              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  748 |   8 | 00748              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  749 | 509 | 00749_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  750 |   0 | 00750              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  751 |   1 | 00751              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  753 | 303 | 00753_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  754 |   4 | 00754              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  756 |   6 | 00756              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  758 |   8 | 00758              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  759 | 509 | 00759_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  760 |   0 | 00760              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  761 |   1 | 00761              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  763 | 303 | 00763_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  764 |   4 | 00764              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  766 |   6 | 00766              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  768 |   8 | 00768              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  769 | 509 | 00769_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  770 |   0 | 00770              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  771 |   1 | 00771              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  773 | 303 | 00773_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  774 |   4 | 00774              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  776 |   6 | 00776              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  778 |   8 | 00778              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  779 | 509 | 00779_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  780 |   0 | 00780              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  781 |   1 | 00781              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  783 | 303 | 00783_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  784 |   4 | 00784              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  786 |   6 | 00786              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  788 |   8 | 00788              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  789 | 509 | 00789_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  790 |   0 | 00790              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  791 |   1 | 00791              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  793 | 303 | 00793_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  794 |   4 | 00794              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  796 |   6 | 00796              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  798 |   8 | 00798              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  799 | 509 | 00799_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  800 |   0 | 00800              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  801 |   1 | 00801              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  803 | 303 | 00803_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  804 |   4 | 00804              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  806 |   6 | 00806              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  808 |   8 | 00808              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  809 | 509 | 00809_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  810 |   0 | 00810              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  811 |   1 | 00811              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  813 | 303 | 00813_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  814 |   4 | 00814              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  816 |   6 | 00816              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  818 |   8 | 00818              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  819 | 509 | 00819_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  820 |   0 | 00820              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  821 |   1 | 00821              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  823 | 303 | 00823_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  824 |   4 | 00824              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  826 |   6 | 00826              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  828 |   8 | 00828              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  829 | 509 | 00829_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  830 |   0 | 00830              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  831 |   1 | 00831              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  833 | 303 | 00833_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  834 |   4 | 00834              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  836 |   6 | 00836              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  838 |   8 | 00838              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  839 | 509 | 00839_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  840 |   0 | 00840              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  841 |   1 | 00841              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  843 | 303 | 00843_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  844 |   4 | 00844              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  846 |   6 | 00846              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  848 |   8 | 00848              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  849 | 509 | 00849_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  850 |   0 | 00850              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  851 |   1 | 00851              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  853 | 303 | 00853_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  854 |   4 | 00854              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  856 |   6 | 00856              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  858 |   8 | 00858              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  859 | 509 | 00859_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  860 |   0 | 00860              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  861 |   1 | 00861              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  863 | 303 | 00863_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  864 |   4 | 00864              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  866 |   6 | 00866              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  868 |   8 | 00868              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  869 | 509 | 00869_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  870 |   0 | 00870              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  871 |   1 | 00871              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  873 | 303 | 00873_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  874 |   4 | 00874              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  876 |   6 | 00876              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  878 |   8 | 00878              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  879 | 509 | 00879_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  880 |   0 | 00880              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  881 |   1 | 00881              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  883 | 303 | 00883_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  884 |   4 | 00884              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  886 |   6 | 00886              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  888 |   8 | 00888              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  889 | 509 | 00889_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  890 |   0 | 00890              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  891 |   1 | 00891              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  893 | 303 | 00893_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  894 |   4 | 00894              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  896 |   6 | 00896              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  898 |   8 | 00898              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  899 | 509 | 00899_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  900 |   0 | 00900              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  901 |   1 | 00901              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  903 | 303 | 00903_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  904 |   4 | 00904              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  906 |   6 | 00906              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  908 |   8 | 00908              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  909 | 509 | 00909_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  910 |   0 | 00910              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  911 |   1 | 00911              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  913 | 303 | 00913_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  914 |   4 | 00914              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  916 |   6 | 00916              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  918 |   8 | 00918              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  919 | 509 | 00919_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  920 |   0 | 00920              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  921 |   1 | 00921              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  923 | 303 | 00923_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  924 |   4 | 00924              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  926 |   6 | 00926              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  928 |   8 | 00928              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  929 | 509 | 00929_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  930 |   0 | 00930              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  931 |   1 | 00931              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  933 | 303 | 00933_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  934 |   4 | 00934              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  936 |   6 | 00936              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  938 |   8 | 00938              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  939 | 509 | 00939_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  940 |   0 | 00940              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  941 |   1 | 00941              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  943 | 303 | 00943_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  948 |   8 | 00948              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  949 | 509 | 00949_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  950 |   0 | 00950              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  951 |   1 | 00951              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  954 |   4 | 00954              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  956 |   6 | 00956              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  960 |   0 | 00960              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  969 | 509 | 00969_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  970 |   0 | 00970              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  979 | 509 | 00979_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.a = local_tbl.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (a = local_tbl.a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers 
+-------------------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+ERROR:  server closed the connection unexpectedly
+	This probably means the server terminated abnormally
+	before or while processing the request.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: COMMIT TRANSACTION
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index b0dbb41fb5..d1892e3e3c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3788,3 +3788,29 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false); -- should fail on supported platform
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 48f766df706c5b7db94faa59974272109093c757 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v19 1/3] Add PQConncheck to libpq

This new libpq function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 24 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  1 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 70 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index f9558dec3b..d77c8d6f12 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,30 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..3c4f946b51 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,4 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 4159610f6c..e561b4e1ef 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,48 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents & POLLRDHUP;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index b7df3224c0..8b2d78f3ef 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,9 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 0353eef23f1603a7ae27333bcca5379a5a7a301e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v19 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 100 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  10 ++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  49 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 159 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f0c45b00db..69959a0f12 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +118,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1865,100 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has been not initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Foreign server might be down, so throw ereport(WARNING).
+				 */
+				ForeignServer *server;
+
+				server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+						 errmsg("could not connect to server \"%s\"",
+								server->servername),
+						 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+						 errhint("Plsease check the health of the server.")));
+
+				result = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..f1e2ee442f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,13 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 527f4deaaa..d535973237 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -790,6 +790,55 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if a checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports that
+      the connection is closed. This function is currently available only on
+      systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension
+      to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if a lastly checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 1d23e0e2849dbce40ca7415933cbbbb4a52828c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v19 3/3] add test

Note that this test has two comparison files. Alternative comparison file is needed
because some platforms like Windows cannot check the status of the socket.
---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    |    44 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out  | 11621 ++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |    30 +
 3 files changed, 11695 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 558e94b845..1599a95f27 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11576,3 +11576,47 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+WARNING:  08006
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8fc76fec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11621 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r3."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: ((b.c7)::text = upper((a.c7)::text))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = $1::character varying(10)))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  431 |   1 | 00431              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  440 |   0 | 00440              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  441 |   1 | 00441              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  451 |   1 | 00451              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  461 |   1 | 00461              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  469 | 509 | 00469_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  470 |   0 | 00470              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  471 |   1 | 00471              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  481 |   1 | 00481              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  490 |   0 | 00490              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  491 |   1 | 00491              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  496 |   6 | 00496              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  498 |   8 | 00498              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  499 | 509 | 00499_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  500 |   0 | 00500              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  503 | 303 | 00503_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  506 |   6 | 00506              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  508 |   8 | 00508              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  509 | 509 | 00509_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  510 |   0 | 00510              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  513 | 303 | 00513_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  514 |   4 | 00514              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  516 |   6 | 00516              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  518 |   8 | 00518              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  519 | 509 | 00519_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  520 |   0 | 00520              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  524 |   4 | 00524              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  526 |   6 | 00526              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  530 |   0 | 00530              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  533 | 303 | 00533_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  536 |   6 | 00536              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  538 |   8 | 00538              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  539 | 509 | 00539_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  544 |   4 | 00544              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  546 |   6 | 00546              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  548 |   8 | 00548              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  549 | 509 | 00549_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  550 |   0 | 00550              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  558 |   8 | 00558              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  559 | 509 | 00559_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  560 |   0 | 00560              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  561 |   1 | 00561              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  566 |   6 | 00566              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  568 |   8 | 00568              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  569 | 509 | 00569_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  573 | 303 | 00573_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  574 |   4 | 00574              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  576 |   6 | 00576              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  578 |   8 | 00578              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  579 | 509 | 00579_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  580 |   0 | 00580              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  583 | 303 | 00583_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  584 |   4 | 00584              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  586 |   6 | 00586              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  589 | 509 | 00589_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  593 | 303 | 00593_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  594 |   4 | 00594              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  599 | 509 | 00599_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  608 |   8 | 00608              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  609 | 509 | 00609_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  614 |   4 | 00614              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  849 | 509 | 00849_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  850 |   0 | 00850              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  851 |   1 | 00851              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  853 | 303 | 00853_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  854 |   4 | 00854              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  856 |   6 | 00856              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  858 |   8 | 00858              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  859 | 509 | 00859_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  860 |   0 | 00860              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  861 |   1 | 00861              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  863 | 303 | 00863_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  864 |   4 | 00864              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  866 |   6 | 00866              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  868 |   8 | 00868              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  869 | 509 | 00869_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  870 |   0 | 00870              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  871 |   1 | 00871              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  873 | 303 | 00873_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  874 |   4 | 00874              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  876 |   6 | 00876              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  878 |   8 | 00878              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  879 | 509 | 00879_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  880 |   0 | 00880              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  881 |   1 | 00881              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  883 | 303 | 00883_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  884 |   4 | 00884              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  886 |   6 | 00886              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  888 |   8 | 00888              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  889 | 509 | 00889_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  890 |   0 | 00890              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  891 |   1 | 00891              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  893 | 303 | 00893_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  894 |   4 | 00894              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  896 |   6 | 00896              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  898 |   8 | 00898              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  899 | 509 | 00899_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  900 |   0 | 00900              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  901 |   1 | 00901              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  903 | 303 | 00903_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  904 |   4 | 00904              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  906 |   6 | 00906              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  908 |   8 | 00908              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  909 | 509 | 00909_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  910 |   0 | 00910              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  911 |   1 | 00911              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  913 | 303 | 00913_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  914 |   4 | 00914              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  916 |   6 | 00916              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  918 |   8 | 00918              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  919 | 509 | 00919_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  920 |   0 | 00920              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  921 |   1 | 00921              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  923 | 303 | 00923_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  924 |   4 | 00924              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  926 |   6 | 00926              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  928 |   8 | 00928              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  929 | 509 | 00929_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  930 |   0 | 00930              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  931 |   1 | 00931              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  933 | 303 | 00933_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  934 |   4 | 00934              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  936 |   6 | 00936              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  938 |   8 | 00938              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  939 | 509 | 00939_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  940 |   0 | 00940              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  941 |   1 | 00941              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  943 | 303 | 00943_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  948 |   8 | 00948              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  949 | 509 | 00949_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  950 |   0 | 00950              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  951 |   1 | 00951              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  954 |   4 | 00954              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  956 |   6 | 00956              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  960 |   0 | 00960              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  969 | 509 | 00969_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  970 |   0 | 00970              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  979 | 509 | 00979_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.a = local_tbl.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (a = local_tbl.a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index b0dbb41fb5..4450965b17 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3788,3 +3788,33 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ABORT;
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 7d3b2c3f20da0f7b4460af9c6ea9916f049d051b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v20 1/3] Add PQConncheck to libpq

This new libpq function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 24 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  1 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 70 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index f9558dec3b..d77c8d6f12 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,30 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..3c4f946b51 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,4 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 4159610f6c..e561b4e1ef 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,48 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents & POLLRDHUP;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index b7df3224c0..8b2d78f3ef 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,9 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 655fd1a387c79bd82fad90421ee18c1c99e6c00f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v20 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 100 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  10 ++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  49 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 159 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f0c45b00db..69959a0f12 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +118,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1865,100 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has been not initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Foreign server might be down, so throw ereport(WARNING).
+				 */
+				ForeignServer *server;
+
+				server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+						 errmsg("could not connect to server \"%s\"",
+								server->servername),
+						 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+						 errhint("Plsease check the health of the server.")));
+
+				result = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..f1e2ee442f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,13 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 527f4deaaa..d535973237 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -790,6 +790,55 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if a checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports that
+      the connection is closed. This function is currently available only on
+      systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension
+      to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if a lastly checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 1a6a5f3c87f688dc198b3e6824031bee7b418c38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v20 3/3] add test

Note that this test has two comparison files. Alternative comparison file is needed
because some platforms like Windows cannot check the status of the socket.
---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    |    44 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out  | 11744 ++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |    30 +
 3 files changed, 11818 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2ab3f1efaa..f88c7c69a3 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11699,3 +11699,47 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+WARNING:  08006
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12ba5a276a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11744 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r3."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: ((b.c7)::text = upper((a.c7)::text))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = $1::character varying(10)))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  401 |   1 | 00401              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  431 |   1 | 00431              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  496 |   6 | 00496              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  499 | 509 | 00499_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  506 |   6 | 00506              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  508 |   8 | 00508              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  509 | 509 | 00509_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  510 |   0 | 00510              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  511 |   1 | 00511              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  513 | 303 | 00513_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  514 |   4 | 00514              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  516 |   6 | 00516              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  518 |   8 | 00518              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  519 | 509 | 00519_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  520 |   0 | 00520              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  521 |   1 | 00521              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  524 |   4 | 00524              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  526 |   6 | 00526              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  530 |   0 | 00530              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  531 |   1 | 00531              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  533 | 303 | 00533_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  536 |   6 | 00536              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  538 |   8 | 00538              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  539 | 509 | 00539_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  540 |   0 | 00540              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  541 |   1 | 00541              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  544 |   4 | 00544              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  546 |   6 | 00546              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  548 |   8 | 00548              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  549 | 509 | 00549_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  550 |   0 | 00550              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  551 |   1 | 00551              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  558 |   8 | 00558              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  559 | 509 | 00559_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  560 |   0 | 00560              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  561 |   1 | 00561              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  566 |   6 | 00566              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  568 |   8 | 00568              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  569 | 509 | 00569_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  570 |   0 | 00570              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  571 |   1 | 00571              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  573 | 303 | 00573_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  574 |   4 | 00574              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  576 |   6 | 00576              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  578 |   8 | 00578              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  579 | 509 | 00579_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  580 |   0 | 00580              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  581 |   1 | 00581              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  583 | 303 | 00583_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  584 |   4 | 00584              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  586 |   6 | 00586              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  589 | 509 | 00589_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  590 |   0 | 00590              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  591 |   1 | 00591              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  593 | 303 | 00593_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  594 |   4 | 00594              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  596 |   6 | 00596              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  598 |   8 | 00598              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  599 | 509 | 00599_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  600 |   0 | 00600              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  601 |   1 | 00601              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  603 | 303 | 00603_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  604 |   4 | 00604              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  606 |   6 | 00606              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  608 |   8 | 00608              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  609 | 509 | 00609_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  610 |   0 | 00610              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  611 |   1 | 00611              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  613 | 303 | 00613_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  614 |   4 | 00614              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  616 |   6 | 00616              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  618 |   8 | 00618              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  619 | 509 | 00619_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  620 |   0 | 00620              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  621 |   1 | 00621              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  624 |   4 | 00624              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  626 |   6 | 00626              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  628 |   8 | 00628              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  630 |   0 | 00630              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  631 |   1 | 00631              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  633 | 303 | 00633_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  634 |   4 | 00634              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  636 |   6 | 00636              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  640 |   0 | 00640              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  641 |   1 | 00641              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  643 | 303 | 00643_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  644 |   4 | 00644              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  646 |   6 | 00646              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  648 |   8 | 00648              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  649 | 509 | 00649_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  650 |   0 | 00650              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  651 |   1 | 00651              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  653 | 303 | 00653_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  654 |   4 | 00654              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  656 |   6 | 00656              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  658 |   8 | 00658              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  659 | 509 | 00659_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  660 |   0 | 00660              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  661 |   1 | 00661              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  663 | 303 | 00663_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  664 |   4 | 00664              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  666 |   6 | 00666              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  668 |   8 | 00668              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  669 | 509 | 00669_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  673 | 303 | 00673_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  674 |   4 | 00674              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  678 |   8 | 00678              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  679 | 509 | 00679_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  680 |   0 | 00680              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  683 | 303 | 00683_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  684 |   4 | 00684              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  686 |   6 | 00686              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  688 |   8 | 00688              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  689 | 509 | 00689_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  693 | 303 | 00693_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  694 |   4 | 00694              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  696 |   6 | 00696              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  699 | 509 | 00699_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  708 |   8 | 00708              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  709 | 509 | 00709_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  719 | 509 | 00719_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  723 | 303 | 00723_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  728 |   8 | 00728              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  729 | 509 | 00729_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  733 | 303 | 00733_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  739 | 509 | 00739_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  743 | 303 | 00743_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  923 | 303 | 00923_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  924 |   4 | 00924              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  926 |   6 | 00926              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  928 |   8 | 00928              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  929 | 509 | 00929_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  930 |   0 | 00930              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  931 |   1 | 00931              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  933 | 303 | 00933_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  934 |   4 | 00934              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  936 |   6 | 00936              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  938 |   8 | 00938              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  939 | 509 | 00939_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  940 |   0 | 00940              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  941 |   1 | 00941              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  943 | 303 | 00943_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  948 |   8 | 00948              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  949 | 509 | 00949_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  950 |   0 | 00950              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  951 |   1 | 00951              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  954 |   4 | 00954              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  956 |   6 | 00956              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  960 |   0 | 00960              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  969 | 509 | 00969_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  970 |   0 | 00970              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  979 | 509 | 00979_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p0;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p1;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- Test that pending inserts are handled properly when needed
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable (a text, b int)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable (a text, b int);
+CREATE FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
+$$
+begin
+	raise notice '%: there are % rows in ftable',
+		TG_NAME, (SELECT count(*) FROM ftable);
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+WITH t AS (
+	INSERT INTO ltable VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42) RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+  a  | b  
+-----+----
+ AAA | 42
+ BBB | 42
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  | b  
+-----+----
+ AAA | 42
+ BBB | 42
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+WITH t AS (
+	UPDATE ltable SET b = b + 100 RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+WITH t AS (
+	DELETE FROM ltable RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+CREATE TABLE parent (a text, b int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('AAA')
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('BBB');
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+INSERT INTO parent VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42), ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42);
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 2 rows in ftable
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM parent;
+ tableoid |  a  | b  
+----------+-----+----
+ ftable   | AAA | 42
+ ftable   | AAA | 42
+ ltable   | BBB | 42
+ ltable   | BBB | 42
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+DROP TABLE parent;
+DROP FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.a = local_tbl.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (a = local_tbl.a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 51560429e0..18154864d0 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3874,3 +3874,33 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ABORT;
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 0b738b2ce20d194aac8ed49c524d85260659c52b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v21 1/3] Add PQConncheck to libpq

This new libpq function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 24 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  1 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 70 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index af278660eb..1435b39173 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,30 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..3c4f946b51 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,4 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 4159610f6c..2446d2d396 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,48 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index b7df3224c0..8b2d78f3ef 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,9 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 46550779c148a8ce548b39b83b8d5fa23f7bc50c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v21 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 100 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  10 ++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  49 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 159 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index f0c45b00db..69959a0f12 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +118,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1865,100 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has been not initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Foreign server might be down, so throw ereport(WARNING).
+				 */
+				ForeignServer *server;
+
+				server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+						 errmsg("could not connect to server \"%s\"",
+								server->servername),
+						 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+						 errhint("Plsease check the health of the server.")));
+
+				result = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..f1e2ee442f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,13 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 527f4deaaa..d535973237 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -790,6 +790,55 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if a checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports that
+      the connection is closed. This function is currently available only on
+      systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension
+      to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if a lastly checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 54ec62936ca84a3744dbcdb761a088a6953ef0ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v21 3/3] add test

Note that this test has two comparison files. Alternative comparison file is needed
because some platforms like Windows cannot check the status of the socket.
---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    |    44 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out  | 11746 ++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |    30 +
 3 files changed, 11820 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 5f6e1f9833..1a7c0cc07b 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11701,3 +11701,47 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+WARNING:  08006
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0772d8ba9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11746 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r3."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: ((b.c7)::text = upper((a.c7)::text))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+set enable_incremental_sort = off;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+reset enable_incremental_sort;
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = $1::character varying(10)))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  431 |   1 | 00431              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  504 |   4 | 00504              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  526 |   6 | 00526              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  530 |   0 | 00530              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  531 |   1 | 00531              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  533 | 303 | 00533_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  534 |   4 | 00534              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  536 |   6 | 00536              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  538 |   8 | 00538              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  539 | 509 | 00539_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  540 |   0 | 00540              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  541 |   1 | 00541              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  543 | 303 | 00543_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  544 |   4 | 00544              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  546 |   6 | 00546              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  548 |   8 | 00548              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  549 | 509 | 00549_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  550 |   0 | 00550              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  551 |   1 | 00551              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  558 |   8 | 00558              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  559 | 509 | 00559_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  560 |   0 | 00560              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  561 |   1 | 00561              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  563 | 303 | 00563_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  566 |   6 | 00566              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  568 |   8 | 00568              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  569 | 509 | 00569_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  570 |   0 | 00570              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  571 |   1 | 00571              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  573 | 303 | 00573_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  574 |   4 | 00574              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  576 |   6 | 00576              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  578 |   8 | 00578              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  579 | 509 | 00579_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  580 |   0 | 00580              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  583 | 303 | 00583_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  584 |   4 | 00584              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  586 |   6 | 00586              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  589 | 509 | 00589_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  593 | 303 | 00593_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  594 |   4 | 00594              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  596 |   6 | 00596              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  598 |   8 | 00598              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  599 | 509 | 00599_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  600 |   0 | 00600              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  603 | 303 | 00603_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  604 |   4 | 00604              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  606 |   6 | 00606              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  608 |   8 | 00608              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  609 | 509 | 00609_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  610 |   0 | 00610              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  613 | 303 | 00613_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  614 |   4 | 00614              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  616 |   6 | 00616              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  618 |   8 | 00618              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  619 | 509 | 00619_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  624 |   4 | 00624              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  626 |   6 | 00626              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  628 |   8 | 00628              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  630 |   0 | 00630              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  633 | 303 | 00633_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  634 |   4 | 00634              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  636 |   6 | 00636              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  643 | 303 | 00643_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  644 |   4 | 00644              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  646 |   6 | 00646              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  648 |   8 | 00648              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  649 | 509 | 00649_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  650 |   0 | 00650              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  653 | 303 | 00653_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  654 |   4 | 00654              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  656 |   6 | 00656              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  658 |   8 | 00658              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  659 | 509 | 00659_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  660 |   0 | 00660              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  663 | 303 | 00663_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  664 |   4 | 00664              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  666 |   6 | 00666              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  669 | 509 | 00669_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  678 |   8 | 00678              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  679 | 509 | 00679_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  683 | 303 | 00683_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  684 |   4 | 00684              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  688 |   8 | 00688              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  689 | 509 | 00689_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  944 |   4 | 00944              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  946 |   6 | 00946              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  948 |   8 | 00948              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  949 | 509 | 00949_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  950 |   0 | 00950              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  951 |   1 | 00951              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  953 | 303 | 00953_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  954 |   4 | 00954              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  956 |   6 | 00956              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  958 |   8 | 00958              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  959 | 509 | 00959_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  960 |   0 | 00960              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  961 |   1 | 00961              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  963 | 303 | 00963_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  964 |   4 | 00964              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  966 |   6 | 00966              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  968 |   8 | 00968              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  969 | 509 | 00969_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  970 |   0 | 00970              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  971 |   1 | 00971              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  973 | 303 | 00973_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  974 |   4 | 00974              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  976 |   6 | 00976              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  978 |   8 | 00978              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  979 | 509 | 00979_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  980 |   0 | 00980              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "batch_cp_upd_test1_f"
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_up_test1    | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p0;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p1;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- Test that pending inserts are handled properly when needed
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable (a text, b int)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable (a text, b int);
+CREATE FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
+$$
+begin
+	raise notice '%: there are % rows in ftable',
+		TG_NAME, (SELECT count(*) FROM ftable);
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+WITH t AS (
+	INSERT INTO ltable VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42) RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+  a  | b  
+-----+----
+ AAA | 42
+ BBB | 42
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  | b  
+-----+----
+ AAA | 42
+ BBB | 42
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+WITH t AS (
+	UPDATE ltable SET b = b + 100 RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+WITH t AS (
+	DELETE FROM ltable RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+CREATE TABLE parent (a text, b int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('AAA')
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('BBB');
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+INSERT INTO parent VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42), ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42);
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 2 rows in ftable
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM parent;
+ tableoid |  a  | b  
+----------+-----+----
+ ftable   | AAA | 42
+ ftable   | AAA | 42
+ ltable   | BBB | 42
+ ltable   | BBB | 42
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+DROP TABLE parent;
+DROP FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.a = local_tbl.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (a = local_tbl.a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index bfcac4ea14..bd7f249f25 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3876,3 +3876,33 @@ SELECT * FROM prem2;
 
 ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
 ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ABORT;
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 46463139a9f70bf475861175a8ff76729ebd879b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v22 1/3] Add PQConncheck to libpq

This new libpq function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 24 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  1 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 70 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..513cf4505e 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,30 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..3c4f946b51 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,4 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..ea52ab9379 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,48 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..bc9d1ae972 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,9 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 6e619a367d7d0c079b6f087064045a0300ff2666 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v22 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 100 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  10 ++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  49 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 159 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index ed75ce3f79..94890f312b 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +118,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1865,100 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has been not initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Foreign server might be down, so throw ereport(WARNING).
+				 */
+				ForeignServer *server;
+
+				server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+						 errmsg("could not connect to server \"%s\"",
+								server->servername),
+						 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+						 errhint("Plsease check the health of the server.")));
+
+				result = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..f1e2ee442f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,13 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 78f2d7d8d5..6c9bd3b40e 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -825,6 +825,55 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if a checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports that
+      the connection is closed. This function is currently available only on
+      systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension
+      to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if a lastly checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From b935e4031f8621a16aedacf2d3b684fd2c13670f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v22 3/3] add test

Note that this test has two comparison files. Alternative comparison file is needed
because some platforms like Windows cannot check the status of the socket.
---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    |    44 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out  | 11849 ++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |    30 +
 3 files changed, 11923 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index c0267a99d2..44db8fa0ec 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11804,3 +11804,47 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+WARNING:  08006
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca472af917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11849 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+ERROR:  parameter "extensions" must be a list of extension names
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+WARNING:  extension "foo" is not installed
+WARNING:  extension "bar" is not installed
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+ERROR:  invalid option "sslmode"
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+                              List of foreign tables
+ Schema | Table |  Server   |              FDW options              | Description 
+--------+-------+-----------+---------------------------------------+-------------
+ public | ft1   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft2   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1') | 
+ public | ft4   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3') | 
+ public | ft5   | loopback  | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft6   | loopback2 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+ public | ft7   | loopback3 | (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4') | 
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  could not connect to server "loopback"
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+  c3   |              c4              
+-------+------------------------------
+ 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(1 row)
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+ERROR:  cannot add relation "ft1" to publication
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+     QUERY PLAN      
+---------------------
+ Foreign Scan on ft1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, tableoid
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+ 103 |  3 | 00103 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+ 104 |  4 | 00104 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+ 105 |  5 | 00105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 107 |  7 | 00107 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 108 |  8 | 00108 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 109 |  9 | 00109 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 110 |  0 | 00110 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: t1.*, c3, c1
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c3 ASC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                             t1                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ (101,1,00101,"Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970",1,"1         ",foo)
+ (102,2,00102,"Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970",2,"2         ",foo)
+ (103,3,00103,"Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970",3,"3         ",foo)
+ (104,4,00104,"Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST","Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970",4,"4         ",foo)
+ (105,5,00105,"Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST","Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970",5,"5         ",foo)
+ (106,6,00106,"Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970",6,"6         ",foo)
+ (107,7,00107,"Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST","Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970",7,"7         ",foo)
+ (108,8,00108,"Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST","Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970",8,"8         ",foo)
+ (109,9,00109,"Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970",9,"9         ",foo)
+ (110,0,00110,"Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST","Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970",0,"0         ",foo)
+(10 rows)
+
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                            
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c7 >= '1')) AND (("C 1" = 101)) AND ((c6 = '1'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 101)) FOR UPDATE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 101 |  1 | 00101 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, t1.*
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 102)) FOR SHARE
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 102 |  2 | 00102 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+ count 
+-------
+  1000
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1000 |  0 | 01000 | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0  | 0          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              
+----+----+-------+------------------------------
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 10 |  0 | 00010 | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+(10 rows)
+
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+ fixed    | 
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t2
+               Output: t2."C 1"
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | C 1 
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r3."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ORDER BY r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Right Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t3.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft2 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r3."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r3 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+   ->  Merge Full Join
+         Output: t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (t3.c1 = t1."C 1")
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t2) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r2."C 1", r3."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r3 ON (((r2."C 1" = r3."C 1")))) ORDER BY r3."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Index Only Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1"
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 | c1  | c1  
+-----+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft_empty
+   Output: c1, c2
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM public.loct_empty ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 100)) AND ((c2 = 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" IS NOT NULL))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                      
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((round(abs("C 1"), 0) = 1::numeric))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = (- "C 1")))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM ("C 1" IS NOT NULL)))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ANY (ARRAY[c2, 1, ("C 1" + 0)])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                      
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = ((ARRAY["C 1", c2, 3])[1])))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c6 = E'foo''s\\bar'))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" a
+         Output: a."C 1", a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Index Cond: (a."C 1" = 47)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 47 |  7 | 00047 | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo |  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                  
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8, b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 a
+         Output: a.c1, a.c2, a.c3, a.c4, a.c5, a.c6, a.c7, a.c8
+         Filter: (a.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 b
+         Output: b.c1, b.c2, b.c3, b.c4, b.c5, b.c6, b.c7, b.c8
+         Filter: ((b.c7)::text = upper((a.c7)::text))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |   6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 106 |  6 | 00106 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 126 |  6 | 00126 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 136 |  6 | 00136 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 146 |  6 | 00146 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 156 |  6 | 00156 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 166 |  6 | 00166 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 176 |  6 | 00176 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 186 |  6 | 00186 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 196 |  6 | 00196 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 206 |  6 | 00206 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 216 |  6 | 00216 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 226 |  6 | 00226 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 236 |  6 | 00236 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 246 |  6 | 00246 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 256 |  6 | 00256 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 266 |  6 | 00266 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 276 |  6 | 00276 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 286 |  6 | 00286 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 296 |  6 | 00296 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 306 |  6 | 00306 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 316 |  6 | 00316 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 326 |  6 | 00326 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 336 |  6 | 00336 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 346 |  6 | 00346 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 356 |  6 | 00356 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 366 |  6 | 00366 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 376 |  6 | 00376 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 386 |  6 | 00386 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 396 |  6 | 00396 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 406 |  6 | 00406 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 416 |  6 | 00416 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 426 |  6 | 00426 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 436 |  6 | 00436 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 446 |  6 | 00446 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 456 |  6 | 00456 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 466 |  6 | 00466 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 476 |  6 | 00476 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 486 |  6 | 00486 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 496 |  6 | 00496 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 506 |  6 | 00506 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 516 |  6 | 00516 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 526 |  6 | 00526 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 536 |  6 | 00536 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 546 |  6 | 00546 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 556 |  6 | 00556 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 566 |  6 | 00566 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 576 |  6 | 00576 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 586 |  6 | 00586 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 596 |  6 | 00596 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 606 |  6 | 00606 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 616 |  6 | 00616 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 626 |  6 | 00626 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 636 |  6 | 00636 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 646 |  6 | 00646 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 656 |  6 | 00656 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 666 |  6 | 00666 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 676 |  6 | 00676 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 686 |  6 | 00686 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 696 |  6 | 00696 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 706 |  6 | 00706 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 716 |  6 | 00716 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 726 |  6 | 00726 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 736 |  6 | 00736 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 746 |  6 | 00746 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 756 |  6 | 00756 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 766 |  6 | 00766 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 776 |  6 | 00776 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 786 |  6 | 00786 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 796 |  6 | 00796 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 806 |  6 | 00806 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 816 |  6 | 00816 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 826 |  6 | 00826 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 836 |  6 | 00836 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 846 |  6 | 00846 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 856 |  6 | 00856 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 866 |  6 | 00866 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 876 |  6 | 00876 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 886 |  6 | 00886 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 896 |  6 | 00896 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 906 |  6 | 00906 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 916 |  6 | 00916 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 926 |  6 | 00926 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 936 |  6 | 00936 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 946 |  6 | 00946 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 956 |  6 | 00956 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 966 |  6 | 00966 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 976 |  6 | 00976 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 986 |  6 | 00986 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+ 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 996 |  6 | 00996 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(100 rows)
+
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+(4 rows)
+
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, (random())
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, (random())
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, random()
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ((c3)::text)
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1, ft2.c3 COLLATE "C"
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2))
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = public.postgres_fdw_abs(c2)))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE WHEN ("C 1" > 990) THEN "C 1" ELSE NULL::integer END) < 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   
+-----+----+-------
+ 991 |  1 | 00991
+ 992 |  2 | 00992
+ 993 |  3 | 00993
+ 994 |  4 | 00994
+ 995 |  5 | 00995
+ 996 |  6 | 00996
+ 997 |  7 | 00997
+ 998 |  8 | 00998
+ 999 |  9 | 00999
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((CASE (CASE WHEN (c2 > 0) THEN c2 ELSE NULL::integer END) WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END) > 600)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+ c1 | c2 | c3 
+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > (CASE mod("C 1", 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (ft1.c1 > CASE (random())::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c6 WHEN 'foo'::text THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                             
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE (c3 < 'bar') END))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: CASE (ft1.c3)::text WHEN ft1.c6 THEN true ELSE (ft1.c3 < 'bar'::text) END
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(4 rows)
+
+-- a regconfig constant referring to this text search configuration
+-- is initially unshippable
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Filter: (length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, ft1.c3)) > 0)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- but if it's in a shippable extension, it can be shipped
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search;
+-- however, that doesn't flush the shippability cache, so do a quick reconnect
+\c -
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 642)) AND ((length(to_tsvector('public.custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+ c1  | to_tsvector 
+-----+-------------
+ 642 | '00642':1
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3, t1.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3, r1.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r1."C 1" = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, ft5.c1, ft5.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r1.c2, r4.c1, r4.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c1 = r4.c1)) AND ((r4.c1 < 10)))) WHERE (((r4.c1 < 10) OR (r4.c1 IS NULL))) AND ((r1.c1 < 10))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+ c1 | c2 | c1 | c2 
+----+----+----+----
+  2 |  3 |    |   
+  4 |  5 |    |   
+  6 |  7 |  6 |  7
+  8 |  9 |    |   
+(4 rows)
+
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r1 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+    | 22
+ 24 | 24
+    | 26
+    | 28
+ 30 | 30
+    | 32
+    | 34
+ 36 | 36
+    | 38
+    | 40
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 45::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1 
+-----+----
+  92 |   
+  94 |   
+  96 | 96
+  98 |   
+ 100 |   
+     |  3
+     |  9
+     | 15
+     | 21
+     | 27
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s5.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s5.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 50 |   
+ 52 |   
+ 54 | 54
+ 56 |   
+ 58 |   
+ 60 | 60
+    | 51
+    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: 1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM ((SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4 FULL JOIN (SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5 ON (TRUE)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+        1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                      
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t3))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s8.c1, s8.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT r5.c1, r6.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r5 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (((r5.c1 = r6.c1)))) WHERE ((r5.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r5.c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s8.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s8.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+(6 rows)
+
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft4_1.c1, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN ((public.ft4 ft4_1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT s4.c1, s10.c1, s10.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT s8.c1, s9.c1 FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL)))) s10(c1, c2) ON (((s4.c1 = s10.c1)))) ORDER BY s4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s10.c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 52 | 52 |   
+ 54 | 54 | 54
+ 56 | 56 |   
+ 58 | 58 |   
+ 60 | 60 | 60
+    |    | 51
+    |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: "T 3".c1, ft4.c1, ft5.c1, "T 3".ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+               Relations: (public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT s8.c1, s8.c2, s9.c1, s9.c2 FROM ((SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s8(c1, c2) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1, ROW(c1, c2, c3) FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s9(c1, c2) ON (((s8.c1 = s9.c1)))) WHERE (((s8.c1 IS NULL) OR (s8.c1 IS NOT NULL))) ORDER BY s8.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, s9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                     Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Hash Full Join
+                           Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                           Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                           Filter: ((ft4.c1 IS NULL) OR (ft4.c1 IS NOT NULL))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+                           ->  Hash
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                       Output: ft5.c1, ft5.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+               ->  Seq Scan on "S 1"."T 3"
+                     Output: "T 3".c1, "T 3".ctid
+                     Filter: ("T 3".c1 = 50)
+(28 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1 | a  | b  
+----+----+----
+ 50 | 50 |   
+ 50 | 52 |   
+ 50 | 54 | 54
+ 50 | 56 |   
+ 50 | 58 |   
+ 50 | 60 | 60
+ 50 |    | 51
+ 50 |    | 57
+(8 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft5 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1, r4.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = (r2.c1 + 1))) AND ((r1.c1 >= 50)) AND ((r1.c1 <= 60)))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2.c1 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r4.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 | c1 
+----+----+----
+ 52 | 51 |   
+ 58 | 57 |   
+    |    |  2
+    |    |  4
+    |    |  6
+    |    |  8
+    |    | 10
+    |    | 12
+    |    | 14
+    |    | 16
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t2)) FULL JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: ((public.ft2 t2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft2 t1)) LEFT JOIN (public.ft4 t3)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 11 |  1 | 
+ 12 |  2 | AAA012
+ 13 |  3 | 
+ 14 |  4 | AAA014
+ 15 |  5 | 
+ 16 |  6 | AAA016
+ 17 |  7 | 
+ 18 |  8 | AAA018
+ 19 |  9 | 
+ 20 |  0 | AAA020
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft4 t3) LEFT JOIN ((public.ft2 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r4.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r4 LEFT JOIN ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) ON (((r2."C 1" = r4.c1)))) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 |   c3   
+----+----+--------
+ 22 |  2 | AAA022
+ 24 |  4 | AAA024
+ 26 |  6 | AAA026
+ 28 |  8 | AAA028
+ 30 |  0 | AAA030
+ 32 |  2 | AAA032
+ 34 |  4 | AAA034
+ 36 |  6 | AAA036
+ 38 |  8 | AAA038
+ 40 |  0 | AAA040
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Relations: (public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c1, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 = r2.c1) OR (r1.c1 IS NULL)))
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+ 66 | 66
+ 72 | 72
+ 78 | 78
+ 84 | 84
+ 90 | 90
+ 96 | 96
+    |  3
+    |  9
+    | 15
+    | 21
+(10 rows)
+
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")))) WHERE ((public.postgres_fdw_abs(r1."C 1") > 0)) LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                           
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2.c2, r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3, t1.*, t2.*
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint FOR SHARE OF r1 FOR SHARE OF r2
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+   CTE t
+     ->  Foreign Scan
+           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1
+           Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+           Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c3, r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+         Sort Key: t.c1_3, t.c1_1
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.c1_1, t.c2_1, t.c1_3
+(12 rows)
+
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1_1 | c2_1 
+------+------
+  101 |  101
+  102 |  102
+  103 |  103
+  104 |  104
+  105 |  105
+  106 |  106
+  107 |  107
+  108 |  108
+  109 |  109
+  110 |  110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.ctid, t1.*, t2.*, t1.c1, t1.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r1."C 1", r1.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")))) ORDER BY r1.c3 ASC NULLS LAST, r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 101
+ 102
+ 103
+ 104
+ 105
+ 106
+ 107
+ 108
+ 109
+ 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1
+   ->  Merge Anti Join
+         Output: t1.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: t2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  
+-----
+ 110
+ 111
+ 112
+ 113
+ 114
+ 115
+ 116
+ 117
+ 118
+ 119
+(10 rows)
+
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) ORDER BY r1."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, r2."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 100::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Merge Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft6 t2
+               Output: t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t1
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" ORDER BY c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+               Merge Cond: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                     Sort Key: t1.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Sort
+                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                     Sort Key: t2.c8
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                           Output: t2.c1, t2.c8
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c1  
+----+-----
+  1 | 101
+  1 | 102
+  1 | 103
+  1 | 104
+  1 | 105
+  1 | 106
+  1 | 107
+  1 | 108
+  1 | 109
+  1 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Hash Right Join
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Hash Cond: (t2.c1 = t1.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                           Output: t1.c1, t1.c3
+                           Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                       
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+         Sort Key: t1.c3, t1.c1
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1.c1, t2.c1, t1.c3
+               Filter: (t1.c8 = t2.c8)
+               Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1", r1.c3, r1.c8, r2.c8 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ c1  | c1  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | 101
+ 102 | 102
+ 103 | 103
+ 104 | 104
+ 105 | 105
+ 106 | 106
+ 107 | 107
+ 108 | 108
+ 109 | 109
+ 110 | 110
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: t1.c1, (avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1)))
+         Sort Key: t1.c1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.c1, avg((t1.c1 + t2.c1))
+               Group Key: t1.c1
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     Group Key: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t1_1.c1, t2_1.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+ t1c1 |         avg          
+------+----------------------
+  101 | 202.0000000000000000
+  102 | 204.0000000000000000
+  103 | 206.0000000000000000
+  104 | 208.0000000000000000
+  105 | 210.0000000000000000
+  106 | 212.0000000000000000
+  107 | 214.0000000000000000
+  108 | 216.0000000000000000
+  109 | 218.0000000000000000
+  110 | 220.0000000000000000
+(10 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1."C 1"
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         ->  Memoize
+               Cache Key: t1.c2
+               Cache Mode: binary
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     ->  HashAggregate
+                           Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           Group Key: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: t2.c1, t3.c1
+                                 Relations: (public.ft1 t2) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t3)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r1.c2 = $1::integer))))
+(17 rows)
+
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ C 1 
+-----
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+   1
+(10 rows)
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                         
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: (13), ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (13 = ft2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: ft2.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" >= 10)) AND (("C 1" <= 15)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: 13
+               Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 13))
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ a  | c1 
+----+----
+    | 10
+    | 11
+    | 12
+ 13 | 13
+    | 14
+    | 15
+(6 rows)
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: ft4.c1, (13), ft1.c1, ft2.c1
+   Join Filter: (ft4.c1 = ft1.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 10)) AND ((c1 <= 15))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, (13)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft2.c1, 13
+               Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r5."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = 12)) AND ((r4."C 1" = 12)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+ c1 | a  | b  | c  
+----+----+----+----
+ 10 |    |    |   
+ 12 | 13 | 12 | 12
+ 14 |    |    |   
+(3 rows)
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+                                                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2
+   Relations: (public.ft5) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3) END, r1.c1, r1.c2, r1.c3, r2.c1, r2.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 4" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)) AND ((r2.c1 >= 10)) AND ((r2.c1 <= 30)))) ORDER BY r1.c1 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+      ft5       | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 
+----------------+----+----+--------+----+----
+ (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012 | 12 | 13
+ (18,19,)       | 18 | 19 |        | 18 | 19
+ (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024 | 24 | 25
+ (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030 | 30 | 31
+(4 rows)
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, local_tbl.ctid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+               Relations: (((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4.c1, r4.c2, r4.c3) END FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1")) AND ((r2."C 1" < 100)) AND ((r1."C 1" < 100)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r3 ON (((r1.c2 = r3.c1)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r4 ON (((r1.c2 = r4.c1)))) ORDER BY r1.c2 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE OF r1 FOR UPDATE OF r2 FOR UPDATE OF r3 FOR UPDATE OF r4
+               ->  Merge Join
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                     Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Merge Join
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                           Merge Cond: (ft1.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c2
+                                 ->  Merge Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                       Merge Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Sort
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                                   Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) FOR UPDATE
+                                       ->  Materialize
+                                             Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft2.*
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                 Sort Key: ft4.c1
+                                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                                       Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft4.*
+                                       Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3" FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                           Sort Key: ft5.c1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft5.*
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4" FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+(47 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |  c3  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------+----+----+------
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 26 |  6 | 00026 | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 36 |  6 | 00036 | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 46 |  6 | 00046 | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 56 |  6 | 00056 | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 66 |  6 | 00066 | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 76 |  6 | 00076 | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 86 |  6 | 00086 | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+ 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo | 96 |  6 | 00096 | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  6 | 0006
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Merge Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Merge Cond: (local_tbl.c1 = ft1.c1)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4."C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Result
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c3
+                           ->  Sort
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, (COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text)), ft2.c3
+                                 Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                 ->  Hash Join
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, COALESCE((ft1.c3 || ft2.c3), 'foobar'::text), ft2.c3
+                                       Hash Cond: (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                       ->  Hash
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                             ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                                   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c3
+                                                   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(29 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+                                                                                                                                                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, local_tbl.ctid, ft1.*, ft2.*
+         Join Filter: (local_tbl.c3 = ft1.c3)
+         ->  Index Scan using local_tbl_pkey on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.c1, local_tbl.c2, local_tbl.c3, local_tbl.ctid
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*
+                     Filter: (ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                     Relations: (public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8, CASE WHEN (r4.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r4."C 1", r4.c2, r4.c3, r4.c4, r4.c5, r4.c6, r4.c7, r4.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r5.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r5."C 1", r5.c2, r5.c3, r5.c4, r5.c5, r5.c6, r5.c7, r5.c8) END, r5.c2 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r4 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r5 ON (((r5."C 1" = r4."C 1")) AND ((r4."C 1" < 100)))) ORDER BY r4.c3 ASC NULLS LAST
+                     ->  Sort
+                           Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                           Sort Key: ft1.c3
+                           ->  Merge Join
+                                 Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+                                 Merge Cond: ((ft1.c1 = (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) AND (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                       Sort Key: ft1.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                                             Output: ft1.c1, ft1.c2, ft1.c3, ft1.c4, ft1.c5, ft1.c6, ft1.c7, ft1.c8, ft1.*
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100))
+                                 ->  Sort
+                                       Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))
+                                       Sort Key: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)), ft2.c1
+                                       ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                                             Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2)
+                                             Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST
+(32 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                           Output: ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r9.c2, r9.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r9 ON (((r6.c1 = r9.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r9.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+                              QUERY PLAN                              
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+         Sort Key: ft4.c1, t2.c1
+         ->  Hash Left Join
+               Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+               Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = t2.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                     Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5 t2
+                           Output: t2.c2, t2.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(16 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ft4.c1, t2.c2, t2.c1
+   Relations: (public.ft4) LEFT JOIN (public.ft5 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r6.c1, r2.c2, r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r6 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r6.c1 = r2.c1)))) ORDER BY r6.c1 ASC NULLS LAST, r2.c1 ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 10::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ c1 | c2 
+----+----
+ 22 |   
+ 24 | 25
+ 26 |   
+ 28 |   
+ 30 | 31
+ 32 |   
+ 34 |   
+ 36 | 37
+ 38 |   
+ 40 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max  | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+------+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 |  991 |      0 | 49600
+   100 | 49700 | 497.0000000000000000 |   2 |  992 |      0 | 49700
+   100 | 49800 | 498.0000000000000000 |   3 |  993 |      0 | 49800
+   100 | 49900 | 499.0000000000000000 |   4 |  994 |      0 | 49900
+   100 | 50500 | 505.0000000000000000 |   0 | 1000 |      0 | 50500
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c6)), (sum(c1)), (avg(c1)), (min(c2)), (max(c1)), (stddev(c2)), ((sum(c1)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c6), sum("C 1"), avg("C 1"), min(c2), max("C 1"), stddev(c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5)) GROUP BY 7 ORDER BY count(c6) ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 1::bigint
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+ count |  sum  |         avg          | min | max | stddev | sum2  
+-------+-------+----------------------+-----+-----+--------+-------
+   100 | 49600 | 496.0000000000000000 |   1 | 991 |      0 | 49600
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum((c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), avg(c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(t1.c1)), (avg(t2.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft1 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(r1."C 1"), avg(r2."C 1") FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2.c2 = 6)) AND ((r1.c2 = 6))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+ count |   sum   |         avg          
+-------+---------+----------------------
+ 10000 | 5010000 | 501.0000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: t1.c1, t2.c1
+         Filter: (((((t1.c1 * t2.c1) / (t1.c1 * t2.c1)))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1."C 1", r2."C 1" FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = r1."C 1"))))
+(7 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                    
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: ((c2 / 2)), ((sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT (c2 / 2), (sum(c2) * (c2 / 2)) FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY (c2 / 2) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+ ?column? | ?column? 
+----------+----------
+        0 |        0
+        1 |      500
+        2 |     1800
+        3 |     3900
+        4 |     6800
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+set enable_incremental_sort = off;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+                                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                                  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(ft1.c2), sum(ft1.c2)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c2, (sum(ft1.c1)), (sqrt((ft1.c1)::double precision))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1"), sqrt("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST, sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+ count | sum  
+-------+------
+  1000 | 4500
+(1 row)
+
+reset enable_incremental_sort;
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+   Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)), ((sum(ft1.c1) * ft1.c2))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer), ((sum(c1) * c2)), c2
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") * c2), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+ sum1 |  sum2  
+------+--------
+    0 |      0
+    1 |  49600
+    2 |  99400
+    3 | 149400
+    4 | 199600
+    5 | 250000
+    6 | 300600
+    7 | 351400
+    8 | 402400
+    9 | 453600
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: ((c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+         Group Key: (ft2.c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: (c2 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: (count(c2)), c2, 5, 7.0, 9
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT count(c2), c2, 5, 7.0, 9 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2, 3, 5
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+  w  | x | y |  z  
+-----+---+---+-----
+ 100 | 0 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 1 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 2 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 3 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 4 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 5 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 6 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 7 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 8 | 5 | 7.0
+ 100 | 9 | 5 | 7.0
+(10 rows)
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 > 6)) GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+ c2 | c2 
+----+----
+  7 |  7
+  8 |  8
+  9 |  9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric)) AND ((sum("C 1") < 49800)) ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+ c2 |  sum  
+----+-------
+  1 | 49600
+  2 | 49700
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft1.c5, NULL::bigint, (sqrt((ft1.c2)::double precision))
+         Filter: (((((avg(ft1.c1)) / (avg(ft1.c1))))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c5, NULL::bigint, sqrt(c2), avg("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1, 3 HAVING ((avg("C 1") < 500::numeric))
+(7 rows)
+
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+ count 
+-------
+    49
+(1 row)
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1)), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         Filter: (avg((ft1.c1 * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)) > '100'::numeric)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                    
+--------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: $0, (sum(ft1.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: ($0), sum(ft1.c1)
+   Group Key: $0
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Seq Scan on pg_catalog.pg_enum
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: $0, ft1.c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(8 rows)
+
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+ exists |  sum   
+--------+--------
+ t      | 500500
+(1 row)
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91}
+ {2,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,82,92}
+ {3,13,23,33,43,53,63,73,83,93}
+ {4,14,24,34,44,54,64,74,84,94}
+ {5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95}
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+ {7,17,27,37,47,57,67,77,87,97}
+ {8,18,28,38,48,58,68,78,88,98}
+ {9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,89,99}
+ {10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                        
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c5 ORDER BY c1 DESC))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(c5 ORDER BY "C 1" DESC NULLS FIRST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 50)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+                                                                array_agg                                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {"Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970","Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970","Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970","Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970","Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5))), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) ASC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {0,1,2,3,4}
+ {1,2,3,NULL}
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+                                                                                                                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(DISTINCT (t1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY (t1.c1 % 5) DESC NULLS LAST)), ((t2.c1 % 3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST), (r2.c1 % 3) FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) WHERE (((r1.c1 < 20) OR ((r1.c1 IS NULL) AND (r2.c1 < 5)))) GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY array_agg(DISTINCT (r1.c1 % 5) ORDER BY ((r1.c1 % 5)) DESC NULLS LAST) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+  array_agg   
+--------------
+ {3,2,1,NULL}
+ {4,3,2,1,0}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 < 100) AND (c2 > 5)))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2 ORDER BY sum("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" < 100) AND (c2 > 5))) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 510
+ 520
+ 530
+ 540
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+(10 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+                                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (sum((c1 % 3))), (sum(DISTINCT (c1 % 3) ORDER BY (c1 % 3)) FILTER (WHERE ((c1 % 3) < 2))), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" % 3)), sum(DISTINCT ("C 1" % 3) ORDER BY (("C 1" % 3)) ASC NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE (("C 1" % 3) < 2)), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+ sum | sum | c2 
+-----+-----+----
+  99 |   1 |  6
+(1 row)
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((c2 = 6) AND ("C 1" < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+                       Output: (count(*) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+                                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                                      
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((SubPlan 1))
+         Sort Key: ((SubPlan 1))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+               Output: (SubPlan 1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((c2 % 6) = 0))
+               SubPlan 1
+                 ->  Foreign Scan
+                       Output: (count(t1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((t2.c2 = 6) AND (t2.c1 < 10))))
+                       Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT count("C 1") FILTER (WHERE (($1::integer = 6) AND ($2::integer < 10))) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6))
+(13 rows)
+
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+     1
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision))), c2
+   Sort Key: (sum(ft1.c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((ft1.c1 / ft1.c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)))
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: sum(c1) FILTER (WHERE ((((c1 / c1))::double precision * random()) <= '1'::double precision)), c2
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c1, c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(9 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(ft1.c2) FILTER (WHERE (hashed SubPlan 1))
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: ft1.c2
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ft1_1
+           Output: ft1_1.c2
+           Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 5))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+                                                                                                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6)), (percentile_cont((((c2)::numeric / '10'::numeric))::double precision) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ((c1)::double precision)))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, rank('10'::character varying) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS LAST), percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1 HAVING ((percentile_cont((c2 / 10::numeric)) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY ("C 1") ASC NULLS LAST) < 500::double precision))
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+ c2 | rank | percentile_cont 
+----+------+-----------------
+  0 |  101 |              10
+  1 |  101 |             100
+  2 |    1 |             200
+  3 |    1 |             300
+  4 |    1 |             400
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: c1, (rank(c1, c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c1, c2)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", rank("C 1", c2) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST, c2 ASC NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 6)) GROUP BY 1, 3
+(4 rows)
+
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+ c1 | rank 
+----+------
+  6 |    1
+(1 row)
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: c2, (least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1]))
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT c2, public.least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY["C 1"]) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 100)) GROUP BY 1
+(7 rows)
+
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+ c2 | least_agg 
+----+-----------
+  0 |        10
+  1 |         1
+  2 |         2
+  3 |         3
+  4 |         4
+  5 |         5
+  6 |         6
+  7 |         7
+  8 |         8
+  9 |         9
+(10 rows)
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: c2, least_agg(VARIADIC ARRAY[c1])
+   Group Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c2 ASC NULLS LAST
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+alter server loopback options (add fdw_tuple_cost '0.5');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST)), c2
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT array_agg("C 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(4 rows)
+
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+           array_agg            
+--------------------------------
+ {6,16,26,36,46,56,66,76,86,96}
+(1 row)
+
+alter server loopback options (drop fdw_tuple_cost);
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY "C 1" USING OPERATOR(public.<^) NULLS LAST
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ GroupAggregate
+   Output: array_agg(c1 ORDER BY c1 USING <^ NULLS LAST), c2
+   Group Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: c2, c1
+         Sort Key: ft2.c1 USING <^
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 100)) AND ((c2 = 6))
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                         
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(t1.c3)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: t1.c3
+         Join Filter: ((t1.c1)::double precision = (random() * (t2.c2)::double precision))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t1
+               Output: t1.c3, t1.c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (count(*)), x.b
+   Sort Key: (count(*)), x.b
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: count(*), x.b
+         Group Key: x.b
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: x.b
+               Inner Unique: true
+               Hash Cond: (ft1.c2 = x.a)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+                     Output: ft1.c2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: x.b, x.a
+                     ->  Subquery Scan on x
+                           Output: x.b, x.a
+                           ->  Foreign Scan
+                                 Output: ft1_1.c2, (sum(ft1_1.c1))
+                                 Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 ft1_1)
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, sum("C 1") FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 1
+(21 rows)
+
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+ count |   b   
+-------+-------
+   100 | 49600
+   100 | 49700
+   100 | 49800
+   100 | 49900
+   100 | 50000
+   100 | 50100
+   100 | 50200
+   100 | 50300
+   100 | 50400
+   100 | 50500
+(10 rows)
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+                                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (avg(t1.c1)), (sum(t2.c1)), t2.c1
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4 t1) FULL JOIN (public.ft5 t2))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT avg(r1.c1), sum(r2.c1), r2.c1 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r1 FULL JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r2 ON (((r1.c1 = r2.c1)))) GROUP BY 3 HAVING ((((avg(r1.c1) IS NULL) AND (sum(r2.c1) < 10)) OR (sum(r2.c1) IS NULL))) ORDER BY avg(r1.c1) ASC NULLS LAST, sum(r2.c1) ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+         avg         | sum 
+---------------------+-----
+ 51.0000000000000000 |    
+                     |   3
+                     |   9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+                                                                                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*)), (sum(ft4.c1)), (avg(ft5.c1))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft4) FULL JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*), sum(s4.c1), avg(s5.c1) FROM ((SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s4(c1) FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE ((c1 >= 50)) AND ((c1 <= 60))) s5(c1) ON (((s4.c1 = s5.c1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+ count | sum |         avg         
+-------+-----+---------------------
+     8 | 330 | 55.5000000000000000
+(1 row)
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: (((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   Sort Key: (((sum(ft1.c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer))
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ((sum(c2)) * ((random() <= '1'::double precision))::integer)
+         Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(7 rows)
+
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+ sum  
+------
+ 4500
+(1 row)
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+   Sort Key: t1.c2
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.c2, qry.sum
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" t1
+               Output: t1."C 1", t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Index Cond: (t1."C 1" < 100)
+               Filter: (t1.c2 < 3)
+         ->  Subquery Scan on qry
+               Output: qry.sum, t2.c1
+               Filter: ((t1.c2 * 2) = qry.sum)
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: (sum((t2.c1 + t1."C 1"))), t2.c1
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2 t2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT sum(("C 1" + $1::integer)), "C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" GROUP BY 2
+(16 rows)
+
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum 
+----+-----
+  1 |   2
+  2 |   4
+(2 rows)
+
+reset enable_hashagg;
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                                
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", (ref_0.c2), ref_1.c3, ref_0."C 1"
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: ref_0.c2, ref_0."C 1", ref_1.c3, (ref_0.c2)
+         ->  Index Scan using t1_pkey on "S 1"."T 1" ref_0
+               Output: ref_0."C 1", ref_0.c2, ref_0.c3, ref_0.c4, ref_0.c5, ref_0.c6, ref_0.c7, ref_0.c8
+               Index Cond: (ref_0."C 1" < 10)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 ref_1
+               Output: ref_1.c3, ref_0.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: ref_3.c3
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ref_3
+               Output: ref_3.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c3 = '00001'))
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+ c2 | c1 | c2 |  c3   
+----+----+----+-------
+  1 |  1 |  1 | 00001
+  2 |  2 |  2 | 00001
+  3 |  3 |  3 | 00001
+  4 |  4 |  4 | 00001
+  5 |  5 |  5 | 00001
+  6 |  6 |  6 | 00001
+  7 |  7 |  7 | 00001
+  8 |  8 |  8 | 00001
+  9 |  9 |  9 | 00001
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+                                                                        QUERY PLAN                                                                        
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: sum(q.a), count(q.b)
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: q.a, q.b
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Join Filter: ((ft4.c1)::numeric <= q.b)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+               Output: ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+               Remote SQL: SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: q.a, q.b
+               ->  Subquery Scan on q
+                     Output: q.a, q.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan
+                           Output: 13, (avg(ft1.c1)), NULL::bigint
+                           Relations: Aggregate on ((public.ft2) LEFT JOIN (public.ft1))
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT 13, avg(r1."C 1"), NULL::bigint FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r1 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1"))))
+(17 rows)
+
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+ sum | count 
+-----+-------
+ 650 |    50
+(1 row)
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  MixedAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Group Key: ()
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum   
+----+--------
+  0 |  50500
+  1 |  49600
+  2 |  49700
+    | 149800
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                    
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, c6, (sum(c1))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2, ft1.c6
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, c6, sum(c1)
+         Hash Key: ft1.c2
+         Hash Key: ft1.c6
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c6, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c6 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(10 rows)
+
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+ c2 | c6 |  sum  
+----+----+-------
+  0 |    | 50500
+  1 |    | 49600
+  2 |    | 49700
+    | 0  | 50500
+    | 1  | 49600
+    | 2  | 49700
+(6 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c1)), (GROUPING(c2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: c2, sum(c1), GROUPING(c2)
+         Group Key: ft1.c2
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+               Output: c2, c1
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 3))
+(9 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+ c2 |  sum  | grouping 
+----+-------+----------
+  0 | 50500 |        0
+  1 | 49600 |        0
+  2 | 49700 |        0
+(3 rows)
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Unique
+   Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+         Sort Key: ((sum(ft2.c1) / 1000))
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ((sum(c1) / 1000)), c2
+               Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT (sum("C 1") / 1000), c2 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 6)) GROUP BY 2
+(9 rows)
+
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+ s  
+----
+ 49
+ 50
+(2 rows)
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                                 QUERY PLAN                                                 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (sum(c2)), (count(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft2.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, (sum(c2)), count(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft2.c2 % 2))
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2)), (sum(c2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft2)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2), sum(c2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 | sum | count 
+----+-----+-------
+  0 |   0 |     5
+  1 | 100 |     5
+  2 | 200 |     5
+  3 | 300 |     5
+  4 | 400 |     5
+  5 | 500 |     5
+  6 | 600 |     5
+  7 | 700 |     5
+  8 | 800 |     5
+  9 | 900 |     5
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2 DESC
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {8,6,4,2,0}
+  1 | {9,7,5,3,1}
+  2 | {8,6,4,2}
+  3 | {9,7,5,3}
+  4 | {8,6,4}
+  5 | {9,7,5}
+  6 | {8,6}
+  7 | {9,7}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: c2, (array_agg(c2) OVER (?)), ((c2 % 2))
+   Sort Key: ft1.c2
+   ->  WindowAgg
+         Output: c2, array_agg(c2) OVER (?), ((c2 % 2))
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+               Sort Key: ((ft1.c2 % 2)), ft1.c2
+               ->  Foreign Scan
+                     Output: c2, ((c2 % 2))
+                     Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c2, (c2 % 2) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 10)) GROUP BY 1
+(12 rows)
+
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+ c2 |  array_agg  
+----+-------------
+  0 | {0,2,4,6,8}
+  1 | {1,3,5,7,9}
+  2 | {2,4,6,8}
+  3 | {3,5,7,9}
+  4 | {4,6,8}
+  5 | {5,7,9}
+  6 | {6,8}
+  7 | {7,9}
+  8 | {8}
+  9 | {9}
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                          
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.c3, t2.c3
+   Relations: (public.ft1 t1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c3, r2.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r2."C 1" = 2)) AND ((r1."C 1" = 1))))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00001 | 00001
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+  c3   |  c3   
+-------+-------
+ 00101 | 00101
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Filter: (date(t2.c4) = '01-17-1970'::date)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3, c4 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10))
+(15 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+ c1  | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 116 |  6 | 00116 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+   Sort Key: t1.c1
+   ->  Nested Loop Semi Join
+         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+         Join Filter: (t2.c3 = t1.c3)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2, t1.c3, t1.c4, t1.c5, t1.c6, t1.c7, t1.c8
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" < 20))
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: t2.c3
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t2
+                     Output: t2.c3
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 10)) AND ((date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date))
+(14 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 16 |  6 | 00016 | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+ c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 | c6 | c7 | c8 
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                          
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = 'foo'::user_enum)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Filter: (t1.c8 = $1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = $1::integer))
+(4 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 0" WHERE (("C 1" = c2))
+(3 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st6;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+  4 |  4 | 00004 | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 | 4  | 4          | foo
+  5 |  5 | 00005 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 | 5  | 5          | foo
+  6 |  6 | 00006 | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 | 6  | 6          | foo
+  7 |  7 | 00007 | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  8 |  8 | 00008 | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  9 |  9 | 00009 | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | 9          | foo
+(9 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 0"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: NULL::integer, 1001, 101, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft1       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(5 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(c3))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1 t1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(c3) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" OPERATOR(public.===) c2))
+(4 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(c3)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c3
+         Filter: (t1.c1 === t1.c2)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+EXECUTE st8;
+ count 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+         Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+         Filter: (t1.tableoid = '1259'::oid)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ tableoid | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ ft1      |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((ctid = '(0,2)'))
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                           
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1 t1
+   Output: ctid, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+ ctid  | c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+-------+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ (0,1) |  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+ f_test 
+--------
+    100
+(1 row)
+
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+ERROR:  "reindex_foreign" is not a table or materialized view
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "x8" of foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  whole-row reference to foreign table "ftx"
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  processing expression at position 2 in select list
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "foo"
+CONTEXT:  column "c8" of foreign table "ft1"
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 = 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (('foo' = c8)) LIMIT 1::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ERROR:  operator does not exist: public.user_enum ~~ unknown
+HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c8 ~~ 'foo')) LIMIT 1::bigint
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ERROR:  syntax error at or near "ERROR"
+LINE 1: ERROR OUT;
+        ^
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  2 |  2 | 00002 | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 1970 | 2  | 2          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  division by zero
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (((1 / ("C 1" - 1)) > 0))
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  3 |  3 | 00003 | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 | 3  | 3          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+ c1 | c2 |  c3   |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+----+----+-------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+  1 |  1 | 00001 | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 | 1  | 1          | foo
+(1 row)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f1 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f2 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = 'foo'))
+(3 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3 WHERE ((f3 = $1::character varying(10)))
+(8 rows)
+
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f1)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f1 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: ((ft3.f2)::text = 'foo'::text)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+                    QUERY PLAN                     
+---------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft3
+   Output: f1, f2, f3
+   Filter: (ft3.f2 = 'foo'::text COLLATE "C")
+   Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Hash Join
+   Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3, l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+   Inner Unique: true
+   Hash Cond: ((f.f3)::text = (l.f3)::text)
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft3 f
+         Output: f.f1, f.f2, f.f3
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct3
+   ->  Hash
+         Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+         ->  Index Scan using loct3_f1_key on public.loct3 l
+               Output: l.f1, l.f2, l.f3
+               Index Cond: (l.f1 = 'foo'::text)
+(12 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+                                                                                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                    
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Subquery Scan on "*SELECT*"
+         Output: "*SELECT*"."?column?", "*SELECT*"."?column?_1", NULL::integer, "*SELECT*"."?column?_2", NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 ft2_1
+               Output: (ft2_1.c1 + 1000), (ft2_1.c2 + 100), (ft2_1.c3 || ft2_1.c3)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 1" LIMIT 20::bigint
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1102 | 202 | bbb |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 203 | ccc |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 300), c3 = (c3 || '_update3') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 3))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+                                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                                         
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (c2 + 400), c3 = (c3 || '_update7') WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 7)) RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  537 | 407 | 00537_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  547 | 407 | 00547_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  797 | 407 | 00797_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  807 | 407 | 00807_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  817 | 407 | 00817_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  827 | 407 | 00827_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  847 | 407 | 00847_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  857 | 407 | 00857_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  867 | 407 | 00867_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  877 | 407 | 00877_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  887 | 407 | 00887_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  897 | 407 | 00897_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  907 | 407 | 00907_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  917 | 407 | 00917_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  927 | 407 | 00927_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  937 | 407 | 00937_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  947 | 407 | 00947_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  957 | 407 | 00957_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  967 | 407 | 00967_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  977 | 407 | 00977_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 | 7  | 7          | foo
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                QUERY PLAN                                                                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c2 = (r1.c2 + 500), c3 = (r1.c3 || '_update9'), c7 = 'ft2       '::character(10) FROM "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 9))
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+                                         QUERY PLAN                                         
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c4
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((("C 1" % 10) = 5)) RETURNING "C 1", c4
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+  c1  |              c4              
+------+------------------------------
+    5 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   15 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   25 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   35 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   45 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   55 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   65 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   75 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   85 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   95 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  105 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  115 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  125 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  135 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  145 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  155 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  165 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  175 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  185 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  195 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  205 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  215 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  225 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  235 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  245 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  255 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  265 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  275 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  285 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  295 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  305 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  315 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  325 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  335 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  345 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  355 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  365 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  375 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  385 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  395 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  405 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  415 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  425 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  435 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  445 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  455 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  465 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  475 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  485 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  495 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  505 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  515 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  525 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  535 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  545 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  555 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  565 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  575 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  585 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  595 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  605 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  615 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  625 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  635 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  645 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  655 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  665 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  675 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  685 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  695 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  705 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  715 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  725 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  735 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  745 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  755 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  765 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  775 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  785 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  795 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  805 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  815 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  825 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  835 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  845 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  855 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  865 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  875 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  885 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  895 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  905 | Tue Jan 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  915 | Fri Jan 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  925 | Mon Jan 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  935 | Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  945 | Sun Feb 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  955 | Wed Feb 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  965 | Sat Mar 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  975 | Tue Mar 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  985 | Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  995 | Mon Apr 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1005 | 
+ 1015 | 
+ 1105 | 
+(103 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+                                                         QUERY PLAN                                                         
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING "S 1"."T 1" r2 WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2."C 1")) AND (((r2."C 1" % 10) = 2))
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------
+    1 |   1 | 00001              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    3 | 303 | 00003_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    4 |   4 | 00004              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    6 |   6 | 00006              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    7 | 407 | 00007_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    8 |   8 | 00008              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   10 |   0 | 00010              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   11 |   1 | 00011              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   13 | 303 | 00013_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   14 |   4 | 00014              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   16 |   6 | 00016              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   17 | 407 | 00017_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   18 |   8 | 00018              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   20 |   0 | 00020              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   21 |   1 | 00021              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   23 | 303 | 00023_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   24 |   4 | 00024              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   26 |   6 | 00026              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   27 | 407 | 00027_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   28 |   8 | 00028              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   30 |   0 | 00030              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   31 |   1 | 00031              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   33 | 303 | 00033_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   34 |   4 | 00034              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   36 |   6 | 00036              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   37 | 407 | 00037_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   38 |   8 | 00038              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   40 |   0 | 00040              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   41 |   1 | 00041              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   43 | 303 | 00043_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   44 |   4 | 00044              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   46 |   6 | 00046              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   47 | 407 | 00047_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   48 |   8 | 00048              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   50 |   0 | 00050              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   51 |   1 | 00051              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   53 | 303 | 00053_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   54 |   4 | 00054              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   56 |   6 | 00056              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   57 | 407 | 00057_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   58 |   8 | 00058              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   59 | 509 | 00059_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   60 |   0 | 00060              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   61 |   1 | 00061              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   63 | 303 | 00063_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   64 |   4 | 00064              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   66 |   6 | 00066              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   67 | 407 | 00067_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   68 |   8 | 00068              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   69 | 509 | 00069_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   70 |   0 | 00070              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   71 |   1 | 00071              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   73 | 303 | 00073_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   74 |   4 | 00074              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   76 |   6 | 00076              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   77 | 407 | 00077_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   78 |   8 | 00078              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   79 | 509 | 00079_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   80 |   0 | 00080              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   81 |   1 | 00081              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   83 | 303 | 00083_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   84 |   4 | 00084              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   86 |   6 | 00086              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   87 | 407 | 00087_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   88 |   8 | 00088              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   89 | 509 | 00089_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   90 |   0 | 00090              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   91 |   1 | 00091              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   93 | 303 | 00093_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   94 |   4 | 00094              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   96 |   6 | 00096              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   97 | 407 | 00097_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   98 |   8 | 00098              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+   99 | 509 | 00099_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  100 |   0 | 00100              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  101 |   1 | 00101              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  103 | 303 | 00103_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  104 |   4 | 00104              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  106 |   6 | 00106              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  107 | 407 | 00107_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  108 |   8 | 00108              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  109 | 509 | 00109_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  110 |   0 | 00110              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  111 |   1 | 00111              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  113 | 303 | 00113_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  114 |   4 | 00114              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  116 |   6 | 00116              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  117 | 407 | 00117_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  118 |   8 | 00118              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  119 | 509 | 00119_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  120 |   0 | 00120              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  121 |   1 | 00121              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  123 | 303 | 00123_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  124 |   4 | 00124              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  126 |   6 | 00126              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  127 | 407 | 00127_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  128 |   8 | 00128              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  129 | 509 | 00129_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  130 |   0 | 00130              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  131 |   1 | 00131              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  133 | 303 | 00133_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  134 |   4 | 00134              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  136 |   6 | 00136              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  137 | 407 | 00137_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  138 |   8 | 00138              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  139 | 509 | 00139_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  140 |   0 | 00140              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  141 |   1 | 00141              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  143 | 303 | 00143_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  144 |   4 | 00144              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  146 |   6 | 00146              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  147 | 407 | 00147_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  148 |   8 | 00148              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  149 | 509 | 00149_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  150 |   0 | 00150              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  151 |   1 | 00151              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  153 | 303 | 00153_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  154 |   4 | 00154              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  156 |   6 | 00156              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  157 | 407 | 00157_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  158 |   8 | 00158              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  159 | 509 | 00159_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  160 |   0 | 00160              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  161 |   1 | 00161              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  163 | 303 | 00163_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  164 |   4 | 00164              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  166 |   6 | 00166              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  167 | 407 | 00167_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  168 |   8 | 00168              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  169 | 509 | 00169_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  170 |   0 | 00170              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  171 |   1 | 00171              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  173 | 303 | 00173_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  174 |   4 | 00174              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  176 |   6 | 00176              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  177 | 407 | 00177_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  178 |   8 | 00178              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  179 | 509 | 00179_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  180 |   0 | 00180              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  181 |   1 | 00181              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  183 | 303 | 00183_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  184 |   4 | 00184              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  186 |   6 | 00186              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  187 | 407 | 00187_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  188 |   8 | 00188              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  189 | 509 | 00189_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  190 |   0 | 00190              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  191 |   1 | 00191              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  193 | 303 | 00193_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  194 |   4 | 00194              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  196 |   6 | 00196              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  197 | 407 | 00197_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  198 |   8 | 00198              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  199 | 509 | 00199_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  200 |   0 | 00200              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  201 |   1 | 00201              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  203 | 303 | 00203_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  204 |   4 | 00204              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  206 |   6 | 00206              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  207 | 407 | 00207_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  208 |   8 | 00208              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  209 | 509 | 00209_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  210 |   0 | 00210              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  211 |   1 | 00211              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  213 | 303 | 00213_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  214 |   4 | 00214              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  216 |   6 | 00216              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  217 | 407 | 00217_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  218 |   8 | 00218              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  219 | 509 | 00219_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  220 |   0 | 00220              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  221 |   1 | 00221              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  223 | 303 | 00223_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  224 |   4 | 00224              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  226 |   6 | 00226              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  227 | 407 | 00227_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  228 |   8 | 00228              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  229 | 509 | 00229_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  230 |   0 | 00230              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  231 |   1 | 00231              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  233 | 303 | 00233_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  234 |   4 | 00234              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  236 |   6 | 00236              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  237 | 407 | 00237_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  238 |   8 | 00238              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  239 | 509 | 00239_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  240 |   0 | 00240              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  241 |   1 | 00241              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  243 | 303 | 00243_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  244 |   4 | 00244              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  246 |   6 | 00246              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  247 | 407 | 00247_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  248 |   8 | 00248              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  249 | 509 | 00249_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  250 |   0 | 00250              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  251 |   1 | 00251              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  253 | 303 | 00253_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  254 |   4 | 00254              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  256 |   6 | 00256              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  257 | 407 | 00257_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  258 |   8 | 00258              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  259 | 509 | 00259_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  260 |   0 | 00260              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  261 |   1 | 00261              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  263 | 303 | 00263_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  264 |   4 | 00264              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  266 |   6 | 00266              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  267 | 407 | 00267_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  268 |   8 | 00268              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  269 | 509 | 00269_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  270 |   0 | 00270              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  271 |   1 | 00271              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  273 | 303 | 00273_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  274 |   4 | 00274              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  276 |   6 | 00276              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  277 | 407 | 00277_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  278 |   8 | 00278              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  279 | 509 | 00279_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  280 |   0 | 00280              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  281 |   1 | 00281              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  283 | 303 | 00283_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  284 |   4 | 00284              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  286 |   6 | 00286              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  287 | 407 | 00287_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  288 |   8 | 00288              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  289 | 509 | 00289_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  290 |   0 | 00290              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  291 |   1 | 00291              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  293 | 303 | 00293_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  294 |   4 | 00294              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  296 |   6 | 00296              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  297 | 407 | 00297_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  298 |   8 | 00298              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  299 | 509 | 00299_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  300 |   0 | 00300              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  301 |   1 | 00301              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  303 | 303 | 00303_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  304 |   4 | 00304              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  306 |   6 | 00306              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  307 | 407 | 00307_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  308 |   8 | 00308              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  309 | 509 | 00309_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  310 |   0 | 00310              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  311 |   1 | 00311              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  313 | 303 | 00313_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  314 |   4 | 00314              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  316 |   6 | 00316              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  317 | 407 | 00317_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  318 |   8 | 00318              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  319 | 509 | 00319_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  320 |   0 | 00320              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  321 |   1 | 00321              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  323 | 303 | 00323_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  324 |   4 | 00324              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  326 |   6 | 00326              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  327 | 407 | 00327_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  328 |   8 | 00328              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  329 | 509 | 00329_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  330 |   0 | 00330              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  331 |   1 | 00331              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  333 | 303 | 00333_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  334 |   4 | 00334              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  336 |   6 | 00336              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  337 | 407 | 00337_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  338 |   8 | 00338              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  339 | 509 | 00339_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  340 |   0 | 00340              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  341 |   1 | 00341              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  343 | 303 | 00343_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  344 |   4 | 00344              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  346 |   6 | 00346              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  347 | 407 | 00347_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  348 |   8 | 00348              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  349 | 509 | 00349_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  350 |   0 | 00350              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  351 |   1 | 00351              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  353 | 303 | 00353_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  354 |   4 | 00354              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  356 |   6 | 00356              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  357 | 407 | 00357_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  358 |   8 | 00358              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  359 | 509 | 00359_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  360 |   0 | 00360              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  361 |   1 | 00361              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  363 | 303 | 00363_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  364 |   4 | 00364              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  366 |   6 | 00366              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  367 | 407 | 00367_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  368 |   8 | 00368              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  369 | 509 | 00369_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  370 |   0 | 00370              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  371 |   1 | 00371              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  373 | 303 | 00373_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  374 |   4 | 00374              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  376 |   6 | 00376              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  377 | 407 | 00377_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  378 |   8 | 00378              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  379 | 509 | 00379_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  380 |   0 | 00380              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  381 |   1 | 00381              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  383 | 303 | 00383_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  384 |   4 | 00384              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  386 |   6 | 00386              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  387 | 407 | 00387_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  388 |   8 | 00388              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  389 | 509 | 00389_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  390 |   0 | 00390              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  391 |   1 | 00391              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  393 | 303 | 00393_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  394 |   4 | 00394              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  396 |   6 | 00396              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  397 | 407 | 00397_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  398 |   8 | 00398              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  399 | 509 | 00399_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  400 |   0 | 00400              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  403 | 303 | 00403_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  404 |   4 | 00404              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  406 |   6 | 00406              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  407 | 407 | 00407_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  408 |   8 | 00408              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  409 | 509 | 00409_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  410 |   0 | 00410              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  411 |   1 | 00411              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  413 | 303 | 00413_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  414 |   4 | 00414              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  416 |   6 | 00416              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  417 | 407 | 00417_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  418 |   8 | 00418              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  419 | 509 | 00419_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  421 |   1 | 00421              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  423 | 303 | 00423_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  424 |   4 | 00424              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  426 |   6 | 00426              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  427 | 407 | 00427_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  428 |   8 | 00428              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  429 | 509 | 00429_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  430 |   0 | 00430              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  433 | 303 | 00433_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  434 |   4 | 00434              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  436 |   6 | 00436              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  437 | 407 | 00437_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  438 |   8 | 00438              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  439 | 509 | 00439_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  443 | 303 | 00443_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  444 |   4 | 00444              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  446 |   6 | 00446              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  447 | 407 | 00447_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  448 |   8 | 00448              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  449 | 509 | 00449_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  450 |   0 | 00450              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  453 | 303 | 00453_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  454 |   4 | 00454              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  456 |   6 | 00456              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  457 | 407 | 00457_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  458 |   8 | 00458              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  459 | 509 | 00459_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  460 |   0 | 00460              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  463 | 303 | 00463_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  464 |   4 | 00464              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  466 |   6 | 00466              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  467 | 407 | 00467_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  468 |   8 | 00468              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  473 | 303 | 00473_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  474 |   4 | 00474              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  476 |   6 | 00476              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  477 | 407 | 00477_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  478 |   8 | 00478              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  479 | 509 | 00479_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  480 |   0 | 00480              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  483 | 303 | 00483_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  484 |   4 | 00484              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  486 |   6 | 00486              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  487 | 407 | 00487_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  488 |   8 | 00488              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  489 | 509 | 00489_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  493 | 303 | 00493_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  494 |   4 | 00494              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  497 | 407 | 00497_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  503 | 303 | 00503_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  507 | 407 | 00507_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  517 | 407 | 00517_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  523 | 303 | 00523_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  527 | 407 | 00527_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  528 |   8 | 00528              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  529 | 509 | 00529_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  553 | 303 | 00553_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  554 |   4 | 00554              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  556 |   6 | 00556              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  557 | 407 | 00557_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  564 |   4 | 00564              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  567 | 407 | 00567_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  568 |   8 | 00568              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  569 | 509 | 00569_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  570 |   0 | 00570              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  571 |   1 | 00571              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  573 | 303 | 00573_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  574 |   4 | 00574              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  576 |   6 | 00576              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  577 | 407 | 00577_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  578 |   8 | 00578              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  579 | 509 | 00579_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  580 |   0 | 00580              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  581 |   1 | 00581              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  583 | 303 | 00583_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  584 |   4 | 00584              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  586 |   6 | 00586              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  587 | 407 | 00587_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  588 |   8 | 00588              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  589 | 509 | 00589_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  590 |   0 | 00590              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  591 |   1 | 00591              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  593 | 303 | 00593_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  594 |   4 | 00594              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  596 |   6 | 00596              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  597 | 407 | 00597_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  598 |   8 | 00598              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  599 | 509 | 00599_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  600 |   0 | 00600              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  601 |   1 | 00601              | Fri Jan 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  603 | 303 | 00603_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  604 |   4 | 00604              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  606 |   6 | 00606              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  607 | 407 | 00607_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  608 |   8 | 00608              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  609 | 509 | 00609_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  610 |   0 | 00610              | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  611 |   1 | 00611              | Mon Jan 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  613 | 303 | 00613_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  614 |   4 | 00614              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  616 |   6 | 00616              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  617 | 407 | 00617_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  618 |   8 | 00618              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  619 | 509 | 00619_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  620 |   0 | 00620              | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  621 |   1 | 00621              | Thu Jan 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  623 | 303 | 00623_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  624 |   4 | 00624              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  626 |   6 | 00626              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  627 | 407 | 00627_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  628 |   8 | 00628              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  629 | 509 | 00629_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  630 |   0 | 00630              | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  631 |   1 | 00631              | Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  633 | 303 | 00633_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  634 |   4 | 00634              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  636 |   6 | 00636              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  637 | 407 | 00637_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  638 |   8 | 00638              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  639 | 509 | 00639_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  640 |   0 | 00640              | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  641 |   1 | 00641              | Wed Feb 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  643 | 303 | 00643_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  644 |   4 | 00644              | Sat Feb 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  646 |   6 | 00646              | Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  647 | 407 | 00647_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  648 |   8 | 00648              | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  649 | 509 | 00649_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  650 |   0 | 00650              | Fri Feb 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  651 |   1 | 00651              | Sat Feb 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  653 | 303 | 00653_update3      | Mon Feb 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  654 |   4 | 00654              | Tue Feb 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  656 |   6 | 00656              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  657 | 407 | 00657_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  658 |   8 | 00658              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  659 | 509 | 00659_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  660 |   0 | 00660              | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  661 |   1 | 00661              | Tue Mar 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  663 | 303 | 00663_update3      | Thu Mar 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  664 |   4 | 00664              | Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  666 |   6 | 00666              | Sun Mar 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  667 | 407 | 00667_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  668 |   8 | 00668              | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  669 | 509 | 00669_update9      | Wed Mar 11 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  670 |   0 | 00670              | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  671 |   1 | 00671              | Fri Mar 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  673 | 303 | 00673_update3      | Sun Mar 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  674 |   4 | 00674              | Mon Mar 16 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  676 |   6 | 00676              | Wed Mar 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  677 | 407 | 00677_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  678 |   8 | 00678              | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  679 | 509 | 00679_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  680 |   0 | 00680              | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  681 |   1 | 00681              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  683 | 303 | 00683_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  684 |   4 | 00684              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  686 |   6 | 00686              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  687 | 407 | 00687_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  688 |   8 | 00688              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  689 | 509 | 00689_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  690 |   0 | 00690              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  693 | 303 | 00693_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  694 |   4 | 00694              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  696 |   6 | 00696              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  697 | 407 | 00697_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  698 |   8 | 00698              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  699 | 509 | 00699_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  703 | 303 | 00703_update3      | Sun Jan 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  704 |   4 | 00704              | Mon Jan 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  706 |   6 | 00706              | Wed Jan 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  707 | 407 | 00707_update7      | Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  708 |   8 | 00708              | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  709 | 509 | 00709_update9      | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  713 | 303 | 00713_update3      | Wed Jan 14 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  714 |   4 | 00714              | Thu Jan 15 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  716 |   6 | 00716              | Sat Jan 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  717 | 407 | 00717_update7      | Sun Jan 18 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  718 |   8 | 00718              | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  719 | 509 | 00719_update9      | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  723 | 303 | 00723_update3      | Sat Jan 24 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  724 |   4 | 00724              | Sun Jan 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  726 |   6 | 00726              | Tue Jan 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  727 | 407 | 00727_update7      | Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  728 |   8 | 00728              | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  729 | 509 | 00729_update9      | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  733 | 303 | 00733_update3      | Tue Feb 03 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  734 |   4 | 00734              | Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  736 |   6 | 00736              | Fri Feb 06 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  737 | 407 | 00737_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  738 |   8 | 00738              | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  739 | 509 | 00739_update9      | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  743 | 303 | 00743_update3      | Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  747 | 407 | 00747_update7      | Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  749 | 509 | 00749_update9      | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  756 |   6 | 00756              | Thu Feb 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  757 | 407 | 00757_update7      | Fri Feb 27 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  758 |   8 | 00758              | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  759 | 509 | 00759_update9      | Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  767 | 407 | 00767_update7      | Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  777 | 407 | 00777_update7      | Thu Mar 19 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  779 | 509 | 00779_update9      | Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  787 | 407 | 00787_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  788 |   8 | 00788              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  789 | 509 | 00789_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  837 | 407 | 00837_update7      | Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
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+  981 |   1 | 00981              | Mon Mar 23 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  983 | 303 | 00983_update3      | Wed Mar 25 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  984 |   4 | 00984              | Thu Mar 26 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  986 |   6 | 00986              | Sat Mar 28 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  987 | 407 | 00987_update7      | Sun Mar 29 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  988 |   8 | 00988              | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  989 | 509 | 00989_update9      | Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  990 |   0 | 00990              | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  991 |   1 | 00991              | Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  993 | 303 | 00993_update3      | Sat Apr 04 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  994 |   4 | 00994              | Sun Apr 05 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  996 |   6 | 00996              | Tue Apr 07 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  997 | 407 | 00997_update7      | Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  998 |   8 | 00998              | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST
+  999 | 509 | 00999_update9      | Fri Apr 10 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1000 |   0 | 01000              | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         | 
+ 1007 | 507 | 0000700007_update7 | 
+ 1008 | 108 | 0000800008         | 
+ 1009 | 609 | 0000900009_update9 | 
+ 1010 | 100 | 0001000010         | 
+ 1011 | 101 | 0001100011         | 
+ 1013 | 403 | 0001300013_update3 | 
+ 1014 | 104 | 0001400014         | 
+ 1016 | 106 | 0001600016         | 
+ 1017 | 507 | 0001700017_update7 | 
+ 1018 | 108 | 0001800018         | 
+ 1019 | 609 | 0001900019_update9 | 
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020         | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa                | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd                | 
+(819 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ft2
+   Output: (ft2.tableoid)::regclass
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 1200, 999, NULL::integer, 'foo'::text, NULL::timestamp with time zone, NULL::timestamp without time zone, NULL::character varying, 'ft2       '::character(10), NULL::user_enum
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = 'bar'::text WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: (tableoid)::regclass
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.ft2
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" = 1200))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+ tableoid 
+----------
+ ft2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.*, ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+   ->  Foreign Update
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" r1 SET c3 = 'foo'::text FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) WHERE ((r2.c1 = r3.c1)) AND ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) RETURNING r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+              ft2               |  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 |      ft4       | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+--------------------------------+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----------------+----+----+--------
+ (1206,6,foo,,,,"ft2       ",)  | 1206 |  6 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (6,7,AAA006)   |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+ (1212,12,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1212 | 12 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (12,13,AAA012) | 12 | 13 | AAA012
+ (1218,18,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1218 | 18 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (18,19,AAA018) | 18 | 19 | AAA018
+ (1224,24,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1224 | 24 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (24,25,AAA024) | 24 | 25 | AAA024
+ (1230,30,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1230 | 30 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (30,31,AAA030) | 30 | 31 | AAA030
+ (1236,36,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1236 | 36 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (36,37,AAA036) | 36 | 37 | AAA036
+ (1242,42,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1242 | 42 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (42,43,AAA042) | 42 | 43 | AAA042
+ (1248,48,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1248 | 48 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (48,49,AAA048) | 48 | 49 | AAA048
+ (1254,54,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1254 | 54 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (54,55,AAA054) | 54 | 55 | AAA054
+ (1260,60,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1260 | 60 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (60,61,AAA060) | 60 | 61 | AAA060
+ (1266,66,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1266 | 66 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (66,67,AAA066) | 66 | 67 | AAA066
+ (1272,72,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1272 | 72 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (72,73,AAA072) | 72 | 73 | AAA072
+ (1278,78,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1278 | 78 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (78,79,AAA078) | 78 | 79 | AAA078
+ (1284,84,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1284 | 84 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (84,85,AAA084) | 84 | 85 | AAA084
+ (1290,90,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1290 | 90 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (90,91,AAA090) | 90 | 91 | AAA090
+ (1296,96,foo,,,,"ft2       ",) | 1296 | 96 | foo |    |    |    | ft2        |    | (96,97,AAA096) | 96 | 97 | AAA096
+(16 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+                                                                                            QUERY PLAN                                                                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: 100
+   ->  Foreign Delete
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" r1 USING ("S 1"."T 3" r2 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1)))) WHERE ((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1200)) AND (((r1."C 1" % 10) = 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+      100
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+                                                      QUERY PLAN                                                       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 target
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2, c7 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 target
+         Output: $1, $2, (SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)), target.ctid, target.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1100)) FOR UPDATE
+         SubPlan 1 (returns $1,$2)
+           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 src
+                 Output: (src.c2 * 10), src.c7
+                 Remote SQL: SELECT c2, c7 FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (($1::integer = "C 1"))
+(9 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+                                                                                                                                                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2 d
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: CASE WHEN (random() >= '0'::double precision) THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+         Relations: (public.ft2 d) INNER JOIN (public.ft2 t)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.c2, r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r1.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r1."C 1", r1.c2, r1.c3, r1.c4, r1.c5, r1.c6, r1.c7, r1.c8) END, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2."C 1", r2.c2, r2.c3, r2.c4, r2.c5, r2.c6, r2.c7, r2.c8) END FROM ("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (((r1."C 1" = r2."C 1")) AND ((r1."C 1" > 1000)))) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, t.*
+               Hash Cond: (d.c1 = t.c1)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 d
+                     Output: d.c2, d.ctid, d.*, d.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 1000)) ORDER BY "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t.*, t.c1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2 t
+                           Output: t.*, t.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1"
+(17 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+         Output: 'bar'::text, ctid, ft2.*
+         Filter: (postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c1) > 2000)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" FOR UPDATE
+(7 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 2001 |  1 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2002 |  2 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2003 |  3 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2004 |  4 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2005 |  5 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2006 |  6 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2007 |  7 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2008 |  8 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2009 |  9 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+ 2010 |  0 | bar |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3, ft2.c4, ft2.c5, ft2.c6, ft2.c7, ft2.c8, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c3 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: 'baz'::text, ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+         Join Filter: (ft2.c2 === ft4.c1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.*, ft2.c2
+               Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+               Relations: (public.ft4) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3 FROM ("S 1"."T 3" r2 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (((r2.c1 = r3.c1))))
+               ->  Hash Join
+                     Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3, ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                     Hash Cond: (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1, ft4.c2, ft4.c3
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+                     ->  Hash
+                           Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                                 Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(24 rows)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 | c1 | c2 |   c3   | c1 | c2 |   c3   
+------+----+-----+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+----+----+--------
+ 2006 |  6 | baz |    |    |    | ft2        |    |  6 |  7 | AAA006 |  6 |  7 | AAA006
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+                                                                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.ft2
+   Output: ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING "C 1", c2, c3
+   ->  Foreign Scan
+         Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*
+         Filter: (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+         Relations: ((public.ft2) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5)
+         Remote SQL: SELECT r1.ctid, CASE WHEN (r2.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r2.c1, r2.c2, r2.c3) END, CASE WHEN (r3.*)::text IS NOT NULL THEN ROW(r3.c1, r3.c2, r3.c3) END, r2.c1, r3.c1 FROM (("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r2 ON (((r1.c2 = r2.c1)) AND ((r1."C 1" > 2000)))) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r3 ON (TRUE)) FOR UPDATE OF r1
+         ->  Nested Loop
+               Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft5.*, ft4.c1, ft5.c1
+               ->  Nested Loop
+                     Output: ft2.ctid, ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                     Join Filter: (ft2.c2 = ft4.c1)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft2
+                           Output: ft2.ctid, ft2.c2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c2, ctid FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE (("C 1" > 2000)) FOR UPDATE
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft4
+                           Output: ft4.*, ft4.c1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 3"
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.ft5
+                     Output: ft5.*, ft5.c1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM "S 1"."T 4"
+(22 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+  c1  | c2 | c3  
+------+----+-----
+ 2006 |  6 | baz
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 | c6 |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+----+------------+----
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |    |    |    | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        | c4 | c5 |  c6  |     c7     | c8 
+------+-----+-----------------+----+----+------+------------+----
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update |    |    | (--; | ft2        | 
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+  c1  | c2  |           c3           |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+    8 | 608 | 00008_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   18 | 608 | 00018_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   28 | 608 | 00028_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   38 | 608 | 00038_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   48 | 608 | 00048_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   58 | 608 | 00058_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   68 | 608 | 00068_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   78 | 608 | 00078_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   88 | 608 | 00088_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+   98 | 608 | 00098_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  108 | 608 | 00108_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  118 | 608 | 00118_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  128 | 608 | 00128_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  138 | 608 | 00138_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  148 | 608 | 00148_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  158 | 608 | 00158_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  168 | 608 | 00168_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  178 | 608 | 00178_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  188 | 608 | 00188_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  198 | 608 | 00198_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  208 | 608 | 00208_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  218 | 608 | 00218_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  228 | 608 | 00228_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  238 | 608 | 00238_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  248 | 608 | 00248_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  258 | 608 | 00258_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  268 | 608 | 00268_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  278 | 608 | 00278_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  288 | 608 | 00288_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  298 | 608 | 00298_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  308 | 608 | 00308_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  318 | 608 | 00318_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  328 | 608 | 00328_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  338 | 608 | 00338_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  348 | 608 | 00348_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  358 | 608 | 00358_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  368 | 608 | 00368_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  378 | 608 | 00378_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  388 | 608 | 00388_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  398 | 608 | 00398_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  408 | 608 | 00408_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  418 | 608 | 00418_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  428 | 608 | 00428_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  438 | 608 | 00438_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  448 | 608 | 00448_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  458 | 608 | 00458_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  468 | 608 | 00468_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  478 | 608 | 00478_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  488 | 608 | 00488_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  498 | 608 | 00498_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  508 | 608 | 00508_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  518 | 608 | 00518_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  528 | 608 | 00528_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  538 | 608 | 00538_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  548 | 608 | 00548_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  558 | 608 | 00558_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  568 | 608 | 00568_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  578 | 608 | 00578_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  588 | 608 | 00588_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  598 | 608 | 00598_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  608 | 608 | 00608_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  618 | 608 | 00618_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  628 | 608 | 00628_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  638 | 608 | 00638_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  648 | 608 | 00648_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  658 | 608 | 00658_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  668 | 608 | 00668_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  678 | 608 | 00678_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  688 | 608 | 00688_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  698 | 608 | 00698_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  708 | 608 | 00708_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  718 | 608 | 00718_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  728 | 608 | 00728_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  738 | 608 | 00738_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  748 | 608 | 00748_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  758 | 608 | 00758_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  768 | 608 | 00768_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  778 | 608 | 00778_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  788 | 608 | 00788_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  798 | 608 | 00798_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  808 | 608 | 00808_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  818 | 608 | 00818_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  828 | 608 | 00828_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  838 | 608 | 00838_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  848 | 608 | 00848_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  858 | 608 | 00858_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  868 | 608 | 00868_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  878 | 608 | 00878_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  888 | 608 | 00888_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  898 | 608 | 00898_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  908 | 608 | 00908_trig_update      | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  918 | 608 | 00918_trig_update      | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Jan 19 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  928 | 608 | 00928_trig_update      | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  938 | 608 | 00938_trig_update      | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Feb 08 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  948 | 608 | 00948_trig_update      | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  958 | 608 | 00958_trig_update      | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Feb 28 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  968 | 608 | 00968_trig_update      | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  978 | 608 | 00978_trig_update      | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  988 | 608 | 00988_trig_update      | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 30 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+  998 | 608 | 00998_trig_update      | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Apr 09 00:00:00 1970 | 8  | 8          | foo
+ 1008 | 708 | 0000800008_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1018 | 708 | 0001800018_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+(102 rows)
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "t1_pkey"
+DETAIL:  Key ("C 1")=(11) already exists.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+  46 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, -2, 00010_trig_update_trig_update, 1970-01-11 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-11 00:00:00, 0, 0         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (-2) WHERE ((c2 = 42)) AND (("C 1" = 10))
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   0 |   100
+   1 |   100
+   4 |   100
+   6 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+ c2  | count 
+-----+-------
+   1 |   100
+   6 |   100
+  42 |   100
+  44 |   100
+ 100 |     2
+ 101 |     2
+ 104 |     2
+ 106 |     2
+ 201 |     1
+ 204 |     1
+ 303 |   100
+ 403 |     2
+ 407 |   100
+(13 rows)
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 795::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |         c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+  960 |  42 | 00960_trig_update  | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Mar 02 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  970 |  42 | 00970_trig_update  | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Mar 12 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  980 |  42 | 00980_trig_update  | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Mar 22 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+  990 |  42 | 00990_trig_update  | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1000 |  42 | 01000_trig_update  | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update    |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+ 1001 | 101 | 0000100001         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1003 | 403 | 0000300003_update3 |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1004 | 104 | 0000400004         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1006 | 106 | 0000600006         |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                           
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |       c3        |              c4              |            c5            | c6 |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-----------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+----+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020      |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3     |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd             |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update |                              |                          |    | ft2        | 
+    9 | 509 | 00009_update9   | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 10 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   19 | 509 | 00019_update9   | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   29 | 509 | 00029_update9   | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 PST | Fri Jan 30 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   39 | 509 | 00039_update9   | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 PST | Mon Feb 09 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+   49 | 509 | 00049_update9   | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 PST | Thu Feb 19 00:00:00 1970 | 9  | ft2        | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+                                                                          QUERY PLAN                                                                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.ft1
+   Output: c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8
+   Remote SQL: SELECT "C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8 FROM "S 1"."T 1" ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, "C 1" ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint OFFSET 15::bigint
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+  c1  | c2  |        c3         |              c4              |            c5            |  c6  |     c7     | c8  
+------+-----+-------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+------+------------+-----
+ 1020 | 100 | 0002000020        |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1101 | 201 | aaa               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1103 | 503 | ccc_update3       |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1104 | 204 | ddd               |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1208 | 818 | fff_trig_update   |                              |                          |      | ft2        | 
+ 1218 | 818 | ggg_trig_update   |                              |                          | (--; | ft2        | 
+   10 |  42 | 00010_trig_update | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sun Jan 11 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   20 |  42 | 00020_trig_update | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 PST | Wed Jan 21 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   30 |  42 | 00030_trig_update | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 PST | Sat Jan 31 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+   40 |  42 | 00040_trig_update | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 PST | Tue Feb 10 00:00:00 1970 | 0    | 0          | foo
+(10 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 < 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1111, -2, null, null, null, null, ft1       , null).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"("C 1", c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ERROR:  new row for relation "T 1" violates check constraint "c2positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (1, -1, 00001_trig_update, 1970-01-02 08:00:00+00, 1970-01-02 00:00:00, 1, 1         , foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE "S 1"."T 1" SET c2 = (- c2) WHERE (("C 1" = 1))
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+                            QUERY PLAN                            
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on (public.ft1)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM "S 1"."T 1" WHERE ((c2 >= 0))
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+   821
+(1 row)
+
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+           QUERY PLAN           
+--------------------------------
+ Aggregate
+   Output: count(*)
+   ->  Result
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT foreign_tbl.a,
+    foreign_tbl.b
+   FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE foreign_tbl.a < foreign_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 5), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl
+         Output: (foreign_tbl.b + 15), foreign_tbl.ctid, foreign_tbl.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.base_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                   
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.foreign_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl(a, b) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING a, b
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+-- test WCO for partitions
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+                           View "public.rw_view"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Description 
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------
+ a      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+ b      | integer |           |          |         | plain   | 
+View definition:
+ SELECT parent_tbl.a,
+    parent_tbl.b
+   FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE parent_tbl.a < parent_tbl.b;
+Options: check_option=cascaded
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 5
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+         QUERY PLAN          
+-----------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Result
+         Output: 0, 15
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 10 | 15
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 5), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (20, 20).
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_tbl SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl parent_tbl_1
+         Output: (parent_tbl_1.b + 15), parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.child_tbl WHERE ((a < b)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.parent_tbl
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2
+(3 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+ERROR:  new row violates check option for view "rw_view"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (10, 5).
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+ 20 | 30
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to view rw_view
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+-- Try a more complex permutation of WCO where there are multiple levels of
+-- partitioned tables with columns not all in the same order
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b text, c numeric) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE sub_parent (c numeric, a int, b text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION sub_parent FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (10);
+CREATE TABLE child_local (b text, c numeric, a int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE child_foreign (b text, c numeric, a int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_local');
+ALTER TABLE sub_parent ATTACH PARTITION child_foreign FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (10);
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl WHERE a < 5 WITH CHECK OPTION;
+INSERT INTO parent_tbl (a) VALUES(1),(5);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = 'text', c = 123.456;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent_tbl
+   Foreign Update on public.child_foreign parent_tbl_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.child_local SET b = $2, c = $3 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.child_foreign parent_tbl_1
+         Output: 'text'::text, 123.456, parent_tbl_1.tableoid, parent_tbl_1.ctid, parent_tbl_1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT b, c, a, ctid FROM public.child_local WHERE ((a < 5)) FOR UPDATE
+(6 rows)
+
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = 'text', c = 123.456;
+SELECT * FROM parent_tbl ORDER BY a;
+ a |  b   |    c    
+---+------+---------
+ 1 | text | 123.456
+ 5 |      |        
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP VIEW rw_view;
+DROP TABLE child_local;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE child_foreign;
+DROP TABLE sub_parent;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+ setval 
+--------
+     10
+(1 row)
+
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+select * from rem1;
+ f1 |     f2     
+----+------------
+  1 | hi
+ 10 | hi remote
+  2 | bye
+ 11 | bye remote
+(4 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.gloc1 SET a = $2, b = DEFAULT WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.grem1
+         Output: 22, ctid, grem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.gloc1 WHERE ((a = 2)) FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a  | b  
+----+----
+  1 |  2
+ 22 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+                            QUERY PLAN                             
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.grem1
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.gloc1(a, b) VALUES ($1, DEFAULT)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1, NULL::integer
+(5 rows)
+
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+select * from grem1;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from grem1;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE OR TRUNCATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,hi)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (10,"hi remote")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,bye)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (11,"bye remote")
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = DELETE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = UPDATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+truncate rem1;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = TRUNCATE, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,insert)
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,insert),NEW: (1,update)
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,update),NEW: (1,updateupdate)
+delete from rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after1(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after2(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (1,updateupdate)
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,update)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_insupd(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_insupd(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,update),NEW: (2,"update update")
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before_delete(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after_delete(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (2,"update update")
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ insert triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | insert triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |      f2      
+----+--------------
+  1 |  triggered !
+  2 |  triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+         f2         
+--------------------
+ skidoo triggered !
+ skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |         f2         
+----+--------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: 10, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ 10 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ insert triggered ! triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | insert triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |            f2            
+----+--------------------------
+  1 |  triggered ! triggered !
+  2 |  triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+               f2               
+--------------------------------
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+ skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |               f2               
+----+--------------------------------
+  1 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+  2 | skidoo triggered ! triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+ f1 |  f2  
+----+------
+  1 | test
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (12,"test triggered !")
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,testo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON rem1
+NOTICE:  OLD: (12,"test triggered !"),NEW: (12,"testo triggered !")
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,test)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem1
+NOTICE:  NEW: (13,"test triggered !")
+  ctid  
+--------
+ (0,25)
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: ctid
+         One-Time Filter: false
+(5 rows)
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ''::text, ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+                 QUERY PLAN                  
+---------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Delete on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                             QUERY PLAN                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+                        QUERY PLAN                        
+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.rem1
+   ->  Foreign Update on public.rem1
+         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loc1 SET f2 = ''::text
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.rem1
+   Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loc1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  Foreign Scan on public.rem1
+         Output: ctid, rem1.*
+         Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, ctid FROM public.loc1 FOR UPDATE
+(5 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |  aa   
+----------+-------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | aaaa
+ a        | aaaaa
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | bbb
+ b        | bbbb
+ b        | bbbbb
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |  aa   | bb 
+----------+-------+----
+ b        | bbb   | 
+ b        | bbbb  | 
+ b        | bbbbb | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+ b        | new
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa  | bb 
+----------+-----+----
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+ b        | new | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | aaa
+ a        | zzzzzz
+ a        | zzzzzz
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+ b        | newtoo
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid |   aa   | bb 
+----------+--------+----
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+ b        | newtoo | 
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid |   aa   
+----------+--------
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+ a        | newtoo
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+ tableoid | aa | bb 
+----------+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+ tableoid | aa 
+----------+----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table b
+DROP TABLE loct;
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 | 11
+  2 | 22
+  3 | 33
+  4 | 44
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3 FROM public.loct4
+(24 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+NOTICE:  moving and merging column "f3" with inherited definition
+DETAIL:  User-specified column moved to the position of the inherited column.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo2.*, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo2.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo2.*, foo2.f1, foo2.ctid, foo2.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo2.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
+                                 Output: foo2_1.*, foo2_1.f1, foo2_1.ctid, foo2_1.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo2child foo2_2
+                                 Output: foo2_2.*, foo2_2.f1, foo2_2.ctid, foo2_2.tableoid
+(23 rows)
+
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  2 | 22
+  4 | 44
+(2 rows)
+
+drop table foo2child;
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+                                              QUERY PLAN                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), foo.ctid, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record), foo.*, foo.tableoid
+         Inner Unique: true
+         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               ->  HashAggregate
+                     Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+                     Group Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                                 Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
+                                 Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+(25 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 111
+ bar      |  2 | 122
+ bar      |  6 |  66
+ bar2     |  3 | 133
+ bar2     |  4 | 144
+ bar2     |  7 |  77
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = $2 WHERE ctid = $1
+   ->  Merge Join
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), (ROW(foo.f1)), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: bar.f2, bar.f1, bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.f1, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                           Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.f1, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
+               Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
+                           Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+(30 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+ tableoid | f1 | f2  
+----------+----+-----
+ bar      |  1 | 211
+ bar      |  2 | 222
+ bar      |  6 | 166
+ bar2     |  3 | 233
+ bar2     |  4 | 244
+ bar2     |  7 | 177
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 20 | 20
+ 22 | 22
+ 24 | 24
+ 26 | 26
+ 28 | 28
+ 30 | 30
+ 32 | 32
+ 34 | 34
+ 36 | 36
+ 38 | 38
+(10 rows)
+
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+   ->  Sort
+         Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+         Sort Key: foo.f2
+         ->  Merge Left Join
+               Output: foo.f1, loct1.f1, foo.f2
+               Merge Cond: (foo.f1 = loct1.f1)
+               ->  Merge Append
+                     Sort Key: foo.f1
+                     ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Output: foo_2.f1, foo_2.f2
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2 FROM public.loct1 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST
+               ->  Index Only Scan using i_loct1_f1 on public.loct1
+                     Output: loct1.f1
+(17 rows)
+
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+ f1 | f1 
+----+----
+ 10 | 10
+ 11 |   
+ 12 | 12
+ 13 |   
+ 14 | 14
+ 15 |   
+ 16 | 16
+ 17 |   
+ 18 | 18
+ 19 |   
+(10 rows)
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  7 | 177
+(1 row)
+
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+ERROR:  WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported for this table type
+rollback;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.foo
+   Output: foo_1.f1, foo_1.f2
+   Delete on public.foo foo_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Index Scan using i_foo_f1 on public.foo foo_1
+               Output: foo_1.tableoid, foo_1.ctid
+               Index Cond: (foo_1.f1 < 5)
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.foo2 foo_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ((f1 < 5)) RETURNING f1, f2
+(10 rows)
+
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+  1 |  1
+  3 |  3
+  0 |  0
+  2 |  2
+  4 |  4
+(5 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+(11 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | 311
+  2 | 322
+  6 | 266
+  3 | 333
+  4 | 344
+  7 | 277
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.bar
+   Update on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f1 = $2, f2 = $3, f3 = $4 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Result
+         Output: (bar.f2 + 100), bar.tableoid, bar.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                     Output: bar_1.f2, bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+                     Output: bar_2.f2, bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
+(12 rows)
+
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (3,333,33),NEW: (3,433,33)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (4,344,44),NEW: (4,444,44)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW UPDATE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,277,77),NEW: (7,377,77)
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+                                            QUERY PLAN                                             
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.bar
+   Delete on public.bar bar_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.bar2 bar_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING f1, f2, f3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+               Output: bar_1.tableoid, bar_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (bar_1.f2 < 400)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
+               Output: bar_2.tableoid, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*
+               Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 WHERE ((f2 < 400)) FOR UPDATE
+(11 rows)
+
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW DELETE ON bar2
+NOTICE:  OLD: (7,377,77)
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foo2
+drop table bar cascade;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table bar2
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.b, remt2.a, remt2.b
+   Update on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct1 SET b = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: (parent.b || remt2.b), remt2.*, remt2.a, remt2.b, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.b, parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.b, parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid, parent_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.b, remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+ a |   b    | a |  b  
+---+--------+---+-----
+ 1 | foofoo | 1 | foo
+ 2 | barbar | 2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.parent
+   Output: parent_1.*
+   Delete on public.parent parent_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.remt1 parent_2
+     Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.loct1 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: remt2.*, parent.tableoid, parent.ctid
+         Join Filter: (parent.a = remt2.a)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.parent parent_1
+                     Output: parent_1.a, parent_1.tableoid, parent_1.ctid
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt1 parent_2
+                     Output: parent_2.a, parent_2.tableoid, parent_2.ctid
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, ctid FROM public.loct1 FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Materialize
+               Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remt2
+                     Output: remt2.*, remt2.a
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b FROM public.loct2
+(19 rows)
+
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+   parent   
+------------
+ (1,foofoo)
+ (2,barbar)
+(2 rows)
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |   b   
+---+-------
+ 1 | test1
+ 2 | test2
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+ERROR:  cannot execute MERGE on relation "remp1"
+DETAIL:  This operation is not supported for foreign tables.
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a |  b  
+---+-----
+ 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+ERROR:  there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+delete from itrtest;
+drop index loct1_idx;
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | foo triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 2 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+ a |         b         
+---+-------------------
+ 1 | test1 triggered !
+ 2 | test2 triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loct" violates check constraint "loct_a_check"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (2, foo).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 2 WHERE ((b = 'foo')) RETURNING a, b
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp     | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ locp     | 2 | qux
+(1 row)
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                             
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 WHERE (((a = 1) OR (a = 2))) RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: ((utrtest_2.a = 1) OR (utrtest_2.a = 2))
+(10 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+                      QUERY PLAN                       
+-------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+         Output: 1, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid
+         Filter: (utrtest_1.a = 2)
+(6 rows)
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+ a |        b        
+---+-----------------
+ 1 | qux triggered !
+(1 row)
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 1 RETURNING a, b
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+               Output: 1, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                           QUERY PLAN                                           
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_1
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_2
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 1, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, utrtest.*
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, utrtest_1.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+                                QUERY PLAN                                 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+               Output: 3, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = 3 RETURNING a, b
+(9 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.utrtest
+   Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.b, "*VALUES*".column1
+   Update on public.locp utrtest_1
+   Foreign Update on public.remp utrtest_2
+     Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct SET a = $2 WHERE ctid = $1 RETURNING a, b
+   ->  Hash Join
+         Output: 3, "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1, utrtest.tableoid, utrtest.ctid, (NULL::record)
+         Hash Cond: (utrtest.a = "*VALUES*".column1)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.locp utrtest_1
+                     Output: utrtest_1.a, utrtest_1.tableoid, utrtest_1.ctid, NULL::record
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.remp utrtest_2
+                     Output: utrtest_2.a, utrtest_2.tableoid, utrtest_2.ctid, utrtest_2.*
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, ctid FROM public.loct FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Hash
+               Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+               ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+                     Output: "*VALUES*".*, "*VALUES*".column1
+(18 rows)
+
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  cannot route tuples into foreign table to be updated "remp"
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+(2 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |  b  | a 
+----------+-----+---
+ remp2    | qux | 2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |  b  
+----------+---+-----
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+-- Test copy tuple routing with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+ remp2    | 2 | baz
+ remp2    | 2 | qux
+ remp2    | 2 | test2
+(6 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+ tableoid | a |   b   
+----------+---+-------
+ remp1    | 1 | foo
+ remp1    | 1 | bar
+ remp1    | 1 | test1
+(3 rows)
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+ tableoid |   b   | a 
+----------+-------+---
+ remp2    | baz   | 2
+ remp2    | qux   | 2
+ remp2    | test2 | 2
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from ctrtest;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2, line 1: "-1	xyzzy"
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = BEFORE, level = STATEMENT
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  trigger_func(<NULL>) called: action = INSERT, when = AFTER, level = STATEMENT
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,foo)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,bar)
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (1,"foo triggered !")
+NOTICE:  rem2_trig_row_after(23, skidoo) AFTER ROW INSERT ON rem2
+NOTICE:  NEW: (2,"bar triggered !")
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+(2 rows)
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+-- Test COPY FROM with the batch_size option enabled
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '2');
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+ERROR:  new row for relation "loc2" violates check constraint "loc2_f1positive"
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (-1, xyzzy).
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.loc2(f1, f2) VALUES ($1, $2)
+COPY rem2
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2  
+----+-----
+  1 | foo
+  2 | bar
+  3 | baz
+(3 rows)
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 |       f2        
+----+-----------------
+  1 | foo triggered !
+  2 | bar triggered !
+  3 | baz triggered !
+(3 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+ f1 | f2 
+----+----
+(0 rows)
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+delete from rem2;
+-- Check with zero-column foreign table; batch insert will be disabled
+alter table loc2 drop column f1;
+alter table loc2 drop column f2;
+alter table rem2 drop column f1;
+alter table rem2 drop column f2;
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+select * from rem2;
+--
+(3 rows)
+
+delete from rem2;
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ERROR:  foreign table "tru_ftable" does not allow truncates
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+ sum 
+-----
+ 155
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+ sum 
+-----
+  55
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+ERROR:  cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key constraint
+DETAIL:  Table "tru_fk_table" references "tru_pk_table".
+HINT:  Truncate table "tru_fk_table" at the same time, or use TRUNCATE ... CASCADE.
+CONTEXT:  remote SQL command: TRUNCATE public.tru_pk_table CONTINUE IDENTITY RESTRICT
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+ count 
+-------
+     8
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+ sum 
+-----
+ 126
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+ sum 
+-----
+  95
+(1 row)
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+ sum 
+-----
+ 255
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest1 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest1 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest1 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest1 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest1.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest1.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest1.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest1.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest1.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest1.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest1.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest2 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest2 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest2 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest2 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest2.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           | not null |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest2.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          | 42      | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              | POSIX     |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest2.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          | now()   | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest2.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest2.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest2.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                                  Foreign table "import_dest2.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |                                     | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          | generated always as (c1 * 2) stored | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+                                     List of foreign tables
+    Schema    | Table |  Server  |                   FDW options                   | Description 
+--------------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest3 | t1    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t2    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t3    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')  | 
+ import_dest3 | t4    | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')  | 
+ import_dest3 | x 4   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 5   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5') | 
+ import_dest3 | x 6   | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6') | 
+(7 rows)
+
+\d import_dest3.*
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t1"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')
+
+                         Foreign table "import_dest3.t2"
+ Column |       Type        | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer           |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | character varying |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+ c3     | text              |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')
+
+                             Foreign table "import_dest3.t3"
+ Column |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | timestamp with time zone |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | typ1                     |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.t4"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')
+
+                           Foreign table "import_dest3.x 4"
+ Column |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default |     FDW options     
+--------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------------------
+ c1     | double precision      |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ C 2    | text                  |           |          |         | (column_name 'C 2')
+ c3     | character varying(42) |           |          |         | (column_name 'c3')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 4')
+
+               Foreign table "import_dest3.x 5"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | FDW options 
+--------+------+-----------+----------+---------+-------------
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')
+
+                    Foreign table "import_dest3.x 6"
+ Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default |    FDW options     
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+--------------------
+ c1     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c1')
+ c2     | integer |           |          |         | (column_name 'c2')
+Server: loopback
+FDW options: (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+(2 rows)
+
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+                                        List of foreign tables
+    Schema    |  Table  |  Server  |                     FDW options                     | Description 
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------
+ import_dest4 | t1      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't1')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t2      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't2')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t3      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't3')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4      | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4')      | 
+ import_dest4 | t4_part | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't4_part') | 
+ import_dest4 | x 5     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 5')     | 
+ import_dest4 | x 6     | loopback | (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 'x 6')     | 
+(7 rows)
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  relation "t1" already exists
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t1"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+ERROR:  schema "nonesuch" is not present on foreign server "loopback"
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  schema "notthere" does not exist
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+ERROR:  server "nowhere" does not exist
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to column Col of table import_source.t5
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+ERROR:  type "public.Colors" does not exist
+LINE 4:   "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+                ^
+QUERY:  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE t5 (
+  c1 integer OPTIONS (column_name 'c1'),
+  c2 text OPTIONS (column_name 'c2') COLLATE pg_catalog."C",
+  "Col" public."Colors" OPTIONS (column_name 'Col')
+) SERVER loopback
+OPTIONS (schema_name 'import_source', table_name 't5');
+CONTEXT:  importing foreign table "t5"
+ROLLBACK;
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+  a  |  b  |  c   
+-----+-----+------
+   0 |   0 | 0000
+ 150 | 150 | 0003
+ 250 | 250 | 0005
+ 400 | 400 | 0008
+(4 rows)
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+                                                                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                     
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: t1.a, fprt2.b, fprt2.c
+   Relations: (public.ftprt1_p1 t1) LEFT JOIN (public.ftprt2_p1 fprt2)
+   Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r6.b, r6.c FROM (public.fprt1_p1 r5 LEFT JOIN public.fprt2_p1 r6 ON (((r5.a = r6.b)) AND ((r5.b = r6.a)) AND ((r6.a < 10)))) WHERE ((r5.a < 10)) ORDER BY r5.a ASC NULLS LAST, r6.b ASC NULLS LAST, r6.c ASC NULLS LAST
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+ a | b |  c   
+---+---+------
+ 0 | 0 | 0000
+ 2 |   | 
+ 4 |   | 
+ 6 | 6 | 0000
+ 8 |   | 
+(5 rows)
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+                       QUERY PLAN                       
+--------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
+   ->  Hash Full Join
+         Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+         ->  Hash
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+       wr       |       wr       
+----------------+----------------
+ (0,0,0000)     | (0,0,0000)
+ (50,50,0001)   | 
+ (100,100,0002) | 
+ (150,150,0003) | (150,150,0003)
+ (200,200,0004) | 
+ (250,250,0005) | (250,250,0005)
+ (300,300,0006) | 
+ (350,350,0007) | 
+ (400,400,0008) | (400,400,0008)
+ (450,450,0009) | 
+                | (75,75,0001)
+                | (225,225,0004)
+                | (325,325,0006)
+                | (475,475,0009)
+(14 rows)
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
+(7 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: fprt1.a, fprt2.b
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_1.a = fprt2_1.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 fprt1_1
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 fprt2_1
+         ->  Hash Full Join
+               Hash Cond: (fprt1_2.a = fprt2_2.b)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 fprt1_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 fprt2_2
+(13 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+  a  |  phv   |  b  |  phv   
+-----+--------+-----+--------
+   0 | t1_phv |   0 | t2_phv
+  50 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 100 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 150 | t1_phv | 150 | t2_phv
+ 200 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 250 | t1_phv | 250 | t2_phv
+ 300 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 350 | t1_phv |     | 
+ 400 | t1_phv | 400 | t2_phv
+ 450 | t1_phv |     | 
+     |        |  75 | t2_phv
+     |        | 225 | t2_phv
+     |        | 325 | t2_phv
+     |        | 475 | t2_phv
+(14 rows)
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ LockRows
+   ->  Sort
+         Sort Key: t1.a
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
+               ->  Append
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+               ->  Hash
+                     ->  Append
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+   0 |   0
+ 150 | 150
+ 250 | 250
+ 400 | 400
+(4 rows)
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                        QUERY PLAN                         
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.a
+         Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(9 rows)
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
+         ->  Foreign Scan
+               Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | sum  | min | count 
+----+------+-----+-------
+  0 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+  1 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 10 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 11 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+ 20 | 2000 |   0 |   100
+ 21 | 2100 |   1 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
+   Sort Key: t1.a
+   ->  Append
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
+                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_1.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+                     Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+         ->  HashAggregate
+               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
+               Group Key: t1_2.a
+               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
+               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
+(25 rows)
+
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+ a  | count 
+----+-------
+  0 |   100
+  1 |   100
+ 10 |   100
+ 11 |   100
+ 20 |   100
+ 21 |   100
+(6 rows)
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
+   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+         Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+         Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Partial HashAggregate
+                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
+                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
+(15 rows)
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+SHOW is_superuser;
+ is_superuser 
+--------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "password"
+HINT:  Perhaps you meant the option "passfile".
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+ERROR:  password_required=false is superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the password_required option set to false may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password.
+HINT:  Target server's authentication method must be changed or password_required=false set in the user mapping attributes.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+ERROR:  sslcert and sslkey are superuser-only
+HINT:  User mappings with the sslcert or sslkey options set may only be created or modified by the superuser.
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ERROR:  password is required
+DETAIL:  Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.
+RESET ROLE;
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+ count 
+-------
+   822
+(1 row)
+
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ERROR:  cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on postgres_fdw foreign tables
+ROLLBACK;
+WARNING:  there is no transaction in progress
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+-- If debug_discard_caches is active, it results in
+-- dropping remote connections after every transaction, making it
+-- impossible to test termination meaningfully.  So turn that off
+-- for this test.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+ERROR:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback3
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
+DETAIL:  drop cascades to user mapping for public on server loopback3
+drop cascades to foreign table ft7
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name | valid 
+-------------+-------
+ loopback    | f
+             | f
+(2 rows)
+
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+WARNING:  cannot close connection for server "loopback" because it is still in use
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback2
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect_all 
+-----------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+ postgres_fdw_disconnect 
+-------------------------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+ERROR:  server "unknownserver" does not exist
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+ loopback
+ loopback
+(2 rows)
+
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ server_name 
+-------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+ count 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+ROLLBACK;
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 10
+   ->  Function Scan on pg_catalog.generate_series i
+         Output: i.i
+         Function Call: generate_series(1, 10)
+(6 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- try if large batches exceed max number of bind parameters
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '100000' );
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 70000) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+ 70000
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     2
+(1 row)
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+                         QUERY PLAN                          
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.ftable
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.batch_table(x) VALUES ($1)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Values Scan on "*VALUES*"
+         Output: "*VALUES*".column1
+(5 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (3)
+NOTICE:  trig_row_before(23, skidoo) BEFORE ROW INSERT ON ftable
+NOTICE:  NEW: (4)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    66
+(1 row)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p0;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p1;
+-- Check that batched mode also works for some inserts made during
+-- cross-partition updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test2 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test3 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test3_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (3)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test3', batch_size '1');
+-- Create statement triggers on remote tables that "log" any INSERTs
+-- performed on them.
+CREATE TABLE cmdlog (cmd text);
+CREATE FUNCTION log_stmt() RETURNS TRIGGER LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+	BEGIN INSERT INTO public.cmdlog VALUES (TG_OP || ' on ' || TG_RELNAME); RETURN NULL; END;
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER stmt_trig AFTER INSERT ON batch_cp_upd_test1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION log_stmt();
+CREATE TRIGGER stmt_trig AFTER INSERT ON batch_cp_upd_test3
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION log_stmt();
+-- This update moves rows from the local partition 'batch_cp_upd_test2' to the
+-- foreign partition 'batch_cp_upd_test1', one that has insert batching
+-- enabled, so a single INSERT for both rows.
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (2), (2);
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a AND s.a = 2;
+-- This one moves rows from the local partition 'batch_cp_upd_test2' to the
+-- foreign partition 'batch_cp_upd_test2', one that has insert batching
+-- disabled, so separate INSERTs for the two rows.
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (2), (2);
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 3 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a AND s.a = 2;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test ORDER BY 1;
+       tableoid       | a 
+----------------------+---
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_upd_test1_f | 1
+ batch_cp_upd_test3_f | 3
+ batch_cp_upd_test3_f | 3
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Should see 1 INSERT on batch_cp_upd_test1 and 2 on batch_cp_upd_test3 as
+-- described above.
+SELECT * FROM cmdlog ORDER BY 1;
+             cmd              
+------------------------------
+ INSERT on batch_cp_upd_test1
+ INSERT on batch_cp_upd_test3
+ INSERT on batch_cp_upd_test3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_cp_upd_test;
+DROP TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1;
+DROP TABLE batch_cp_upd_test3;
+DROP TABLE cmdlog;
+DROP FUNCTION log_stmt();
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+ count 
+-------
+    50
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+ x  | field1 | field2 
+----+--------+--------
+  1 | test1  | test1
+  2 | test2  | test2
+  3 | test3  | test3
+  4 | test4  | test4
+  5 | test5  | test5
+  6 | test6  | test6
+  7 | test7  | test7
+  8 | test8  | test8
+  9 | test9  | test9
+ 10 | test10 | test10
+ 11 | test11 | test11
+ 12 | test12 | test12
+ 13 | test13 | test13
+ 14 | test14 | test14
+ 15 | test15 | test15
+ 16 | test16 | test16
+ 17 | test17 | test17
+ 18 | test18 | test18
+ 19 | test19 | test19
+ 20 | test20 | test20
+ 21 | test21 | test21
+ 22 | test22 | test22
+ 23 | test23 | test23
+ 24 | test24 | test24
+ 25 | test25 | test25
+ 26 | test26 | test26
+ 27 | test27 | test27
+ 28 | test28 | test28
+ 29 | test29 | test29
+ 30 | test30 | test30
+ 31 | test31 | test31
+ 32 | test32 | test32
+ 33 | test33 | test33
+ 34 | test34 | test34
+ 35 | test35 | test35
+ 36 | test36 | test36
+ 37 | test37 | test37
+ 38 | test38 | test38
+ 39 | test39 | test39
+ 40 | test40 | test40
+ 41 | test41 | test41
+ 42 | test42 | test42
+ 43 | test43 | test43
+ 44 | test44 | test44
+ 45 | test45 | test45
+ 46 | test46 | test46
+ 47 | test47 | test47
+ 48 | test48 | test48
+ 49 | test49 | test49
+ 50 | test50 | test50
+(50 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p0;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p1;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+-- Test that pending inserts are handled properly when needed
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable (a text, b int)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable (a text, b int);
+CREATE FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
+$$
+begin
+	raise notice '%: there are % rows in ftable',
+		TG_NAME, (SELECT count(*) FROM ftable);
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+WITH t AS (
+	INSERT INTO ltable VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42) RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+  a  | b  
+-----+----
+ AAA | 42
+ BBB | 42
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  | b  
+-----+----
+ AAA | 42
+ BBB | 42
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+WITH t AS (
+	UPDATE ltable SET b = b + 100 RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+WITH t AS (
+	DELETE FROM ltable RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 0 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+ a | b 
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+  a  |  b  
+-----+-----
+ AAA | 142
+ BBB | 142
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+CREATE TABLE parent (a text, b int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('AAA')
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('BBB');
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+INSERT INTO parent VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42), ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42);
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 1 rows in ftable
+NOTICE:  ftable_rowcount_trigger: there are 2 rows in ftable
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM parent;
+ tableoid |  a  | b  
+----------+-----+----
+ ftable   | AAA | 42
+ ftable   | AAA | 42
+ ltable   | BBB | 42
+ ltable   | BBB | 42
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+DROP TABLE parent;
+DROP FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900
+(20 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_1.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_pt_2.c)
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(10 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |    c    
+------+-----+---------
+ 1505 | 505 | AAA0505
+ 2505 | 505 | AAA0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(14 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+(13 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c, t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c, t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c, t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+ 2000 |   0 | 0000 | 2000 |   0 | 0000
+ 2100 | 100 | 0100 | 2100 | 100 | 0100
+ 2200 | 200 | 0200 | 2200 | 200 | 0200
+ 2300 | 300 | 0300 | 2300 | 300 | 0300
+ 2400 | 400 | 0400 | 2400 | 400 | 0400
+ 2500 | 500 | 0500 | 2500 | 500 | 0500
+ 2600 | 600 | 0600 | 2600 | 600 | 0600
+ 2700 | 700 | 0700 | 2700 | 700 | 0700
+ 2800 | 800 | 0800 | 2800 | 800 | 0800
+ 2900 | 900 | 0900 | 2900 | 900 | 0900
+ 3000 |   0 | 0000 | 3000 |   0 | 0000
+ 3100 | 100 | 0100 | 3100 | 100 | 0100
+ 3200 | 200 | 0200 | 3200 | 200 | 0200
+ 3300 | 300 | 0300 | 3300 | 300 | 0300
+ 3400 | 400 | 0400 | 3400 | 400 | 0400
+ 3500 | 500 | 0500 | 3500 | 500 | 0500
+ 3600 | 600 | 0600 | 3600 | 600 | 0600
+ 3700 | 700 | 0700 | 3700 | 700 | 0700
+ 3800 | 800 | 0800 | 3800 | 800 | 0800
+ 3900 | 900 | 0900 | 3900 | 900 | 0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                                                                           QUERY PLAN                                                                                            
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_1.c), t2_1.a, t2_1.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_1.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (public.async_p1 t2_1)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r5.a, r5.b, r5.c, r8.a, r8.b, r8.c FROM (public.base_tbl1 r5 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl1 r8 ON (((r5.a = r8.a)) AND ((r5.b = r8.b)) AND (((r5.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_2.c), t2_2.a, t2_2.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_2.c)
+               Relations: (public.async_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (public.async_p2 t2_2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT r6.a, r6.b, r6.c, r9.a, r9.b, r9.c FROM (public.base_tbl2 r6 INNER JOIN public.base_tbl2 r9 ON (((r6.a = r9.a)) AND ((r6.b = r9.b)) AND (((r6.b % 100) = 0))))
+         ->  Hash Join
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t1_3.c), t2_3.a, t2_3.b, ('AAA'::text || t2_3.c)
+               Hash Cond: ((t2_3.a = t1_3.a) AND (t2_3.b = t1_3.b))
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+               ->  Hash
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+                           Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+                           Filter: ((t1_3.b % 100) = 0)
+(20 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |   c1    |  a2  | b2  |   c2    
+------+-----+---------+------+-----+---------
+ 1000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 1000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 1100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 1100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 1200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 1200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 1300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 1300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 1400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 1400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 1500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 1500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 1600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 1600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 1700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 1700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 1800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 1800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 1900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 1900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 2000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 2000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 2100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 2100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 2200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 2200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 2300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 2300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 2400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 2400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 2500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 2500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 2600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 2600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 2700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 2700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 2800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 2800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 2900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 2900 | 900 | AAA0900
+ 3000 |   0 | AAA0000 | 3000 |   0 | AAA0000
+ 3100 | 100 | AAA0100 | 3100 | 100 | AAA0100
+ 3200 | 200 | AAA0200 | 3200 | 200 | AAA0200
+ 3300 | 300 | AAA0300 | 3300 | 300 | AAA0300
+ 3400 | 400 | AAA0400 | 3400 | 400 | AAA0400
+ 3500 | 500 | AAA0500 | 3500 | 500 | AAA0500
+ 3600 | 600 | AAA0600 | 3600 | 600 | AAA0600
+ 3700 | 700 | AAA0700 | 3700 | 700 | AAA0700
+ 3800 | 800 | AAA0800 | 3800 | 800 | AAA0800
+ 3900 | 900 | AAA0900 | 3900 | 900 | AAA0900
+(30 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   ->  Nested Loop
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         Join Filter: ((t1.a = t2.a) AND (t1.b = t2.b))
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1
+               Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE (((b % 100) = 0))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t2_1
+                     Output: t2_1.a, t2_1.b, t2_1.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2_2
+                     Output: t2_2.a, t2_2.b, t2_2.c
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t2_3
+                     Output: t2_3.a, t2_3.b, t2_3.c
+(16 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |  c2  
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 1000 |   0 | 0000 | 1000 |   0 | 0000
+ 1100 | 100 | 0100 | 1100 | 100 | 0100
+ 1200 | 200 | 0200 | 1200 | 200 | 0200
+ 1300 | 300 | 0300 | 1300 | 300 | 0300
+ 1400 | 400 | 0400 | 1400 | 400 | 0400
+ 1500 | 500 | 0500 | 1500 | 500 | 0500
+ 1600 | 600 | 0600 | 1600 | 600 | 0600
+ 1700 | 700 | 0700 | 1700 | 700 | 0700
+ 1800 | 800 | 0800 | 1800 | 800 | 0800
+ 1900 | 900 | 0900 | 1900 | 900 | 0900
+(10 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+                              QUERY PLAN                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt
+   Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 2000))
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_2.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(11 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         Subplans Removed: 2
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_1.b === $2)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < $1::integer))
+(7 rows)
+
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+         Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         Filter: (local_tbl.c = 'bar'::text)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a = $1::integer))
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.a = local_tbl.a)
+(15 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+                                  QUERY PLAN                                   
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         Filter: (c = 'bar'::text)
+         Rows Removed by Filter: 1
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (never executed)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (never executed)
+               Filter: (a = local_tbl.a)
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | bar | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         Group Key: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, (('AAA'::text || async_p1.c))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+                     Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+                     Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(11 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                 
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.result_tbl
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p1.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10::bigint
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, ('AAA'::text || async_p2.c)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(8 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   | b  |    c    
+------+----+---------
+ 1000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 1005 |  5 | AAA0005
+ 1010 | 10 | AAA0010
+ 1015 | 15 | AAA0015
+ 1020 | 20 | AAA0020
+ 1025 | 25 | AAA0025
+ 1030 | 30 | AAA0030
+ 1035 | 35 | AAA0035
+ 1040 | 40 | AAA0040
+ 1045 | 45 | AAA0045
+ 2000 |  0 | AAA0000
+ 2005 |  5 | AAA0005
+(12 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+(18 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(13 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+                                   QUERY PLAN                                    
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p1
+               Output: async_p1.a, async_p1.b, async_p1.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b < 10))
+   ->  Result
+         Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+         One-Time Filter: (CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2
+               Output: async_p2.a, async_p2.b, async_p2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b < 10))
+(13 rows)
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = t2.a)
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+   ->  Materialize
+         Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+         ->  Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t2
+               Output: t2.a, t2.b, t2.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+(20 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+  a   |  b  |  c   |  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+------
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c, async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, ($0)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate
+           Output: count(*)
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_4
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_5
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+   ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl t1
+         Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c, $0
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((a < 3000))
+(20 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                        
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   Join Filter: (t1.a = async_pt.a)
+   Rows Removed by Join Filter: 399
+   InitPlan 1 (returns $0)
+     ->  Aggregate (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+           ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_4 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_5 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on local_tbl t1 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=400 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=200 loops=1)
+(12 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  |  a   |  b  |  c   | count 
+------+-----+-----+------+-----+------+-------
+ 1505 | 505 | foo | 1505 | 505 | 0505 |   400
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit
+   Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 t1_1
+               Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.b, t1_1.c
+               Filter: (t1_1.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 t1_2
+               Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.b, t1_2.c
+               Filter: (t1_2.b === 505)
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 t1_3
+               Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.b, t1_3.c
+               Filter: (t1_3.b === 505)
+(14 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Limit (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+   ->  Append (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 t1_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 t1_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+         ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 t1_3 (actual rows=1 loops=1)
+               Filter: (b === 505)
+               Rows Removed by Filter: 101
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+  a   |  b  |  c   
+------+-----+------
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.insert_tbl
+   Remote SQL: INSERT INTO public.base_tbl4(a, b, c) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
+   Batch Size: 1
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.local_tbl
+               Output: local_tbl.a, local_tbl.b, local_tbl.c
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.remote_tbl
+               Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+               Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl3
+(9 rows)
+
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+  a   |  b  |  c  
+------+-----+-----
+ 1505 | 505 | foo
+ 2505 | 505 | bar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+                                       QUERY PLAN                                       
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Insert on public.join_tbl
+   CTE t
+     ->  Update on public.remote_tbl
+           Output: remote_tbl.a, remote_tbl.b, remote_tbl.c
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.remote_tbl
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl3 SET c = (c || c) RETURNING a, b, c
+   ->  Nested Loop Left Join
+         Output: async_pt.a, async_pt.b, async_pt.c, t.a, t.b, t.c
+         Join Filter: ((async_pt.a = t.a) AND (async_pt.b = t.b))
+         ->  Append
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+                     Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_1.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+                     Output: async_pt_2.a, async_pt_2.b, async_pt_2.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_2.b === 505)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.base_tbl2
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+                     Output: async_pt_3.a, async_pt_3.b, async_pt_3.c
+                     Filter: (async_pt_3.b === 505)
+         ->  CTE Scan on t
+               Output: t.a, t.b, t.c
+(23 rows)
+
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+  a1  | b1  |  c1  |  a2  | b2  |   c2   
+------+-----+------+------+-----+--------
+ 1505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+ 2505 | 505 | 0505 | 2505 | 505 | barbar
+ 3505 | 505 | 0505 |      |     | 
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                                QUERY PLAN                                                
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Update on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Update on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl1 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Update on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: UPDATE public.base_tbl2 SET c = (c || c) WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: (async_pt_3.c || async_pt_3.c), async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid, NULL::record
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+                                        QUERY PLAN                                        
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Delete on public.async_pt
+   Output: async_pt_1.a, async_pt_1.b, async_pt_1.c
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+   Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+   Delete on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+   ->  Append
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p1 async_pt_1
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl1 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Foreign Delete on public.async_p2 async_pt_2
+               Remote SQL: DELETE FROM public.base_tbl2 WHERE ((b = 0)) RETURNING a, b, c
+         ->  Seq Scan on public.async_p3 async_pt_3
+               Output: async_pt_3.tableoid, async_pt_3.ctid
+               Filter: (async_pt_3.b = 0)
+(13 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+  a   | b |    c     
+------+---+----------
+ 1000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 2000 | 0 | 00000000
+ 3000 | 0 | 00000000
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+                               QUERY PLAN                                
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Append (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p1 async_pt_1 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Async Foreign Scan on async_p2 async_pt_2 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on async_p3 async_pt_3 (actual rows=0 loops=1)
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+                                 QUERY PLAN                                  
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Seq Scan on public.base_tbl
+   Output: base_tbl.a
+   Filter: (SubPlan 1)
+   SubPlan 1
+     ->  Result
+           Output: base_tbl.a
+           ->  Append
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl foreign_tbl_1
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+                 ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foreign_tbl2 foreign_tbl_2
+                       Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM public.base_tbl
+(11 rows)
+
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+ a 
+---
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+(3 rows)
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+NOTICE:  drop cascades to foreign table foreign_tbl2
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_startup_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for floating point option "fdw_tuple_cost": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "fetch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+ERROR:  invalid value for integer option "batch_size": 100$%$#$#
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+ERROR:  invalid option "nonexistent"
+HINT:  There are no valid options in this context.
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+--- Turn debug_discard_caches off for this test to make sure that
+--- the remote connection is alive when checking its application_name.
+SET debug_discard_caches = 0;
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%C%c';
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--Clean up
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 101 | foo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  | f2  
+-----+-----
+ 201 | bar
+(1 row)
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+(2 rows)
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 101 | foo
+ 102 | foofoo
+ 104 | bazbaz
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+ f1  |   f2   
+-----+--------
+ 201 | bar
+ 202 | barbar
+ 204 | quxqux
+(3 rows)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for ANALYZE sampling
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE analyze_table (id int, a text, b bigint);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable (id int, a text, b bigint)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'analyze_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO analyze_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,1000) x);
+ANALYZE analyze_table;
+SET default_statistics_target = 10;
+ANALYZE analyze_table;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (analyze_sampling 'invalid');
+ERROR:  invalid value for string option "analyze_sampling": invalid
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (analyze_sampling 'auto');
+ANALYZE analyze_table;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET analyze_sampling 'system');
+ANALYZE analyze_table;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET analyze_sampling 'bernoulli');
+ANALYZE analyze_table;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET analyze_sampling 'random');
+ANALYZE analyze_table;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET analyze_sampling 'off');
+ANALYZE analyze_table;
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
+DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+ pg_terminate_backend 
+----------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states 
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+ABORT;
+WARNING:  08006
+\set VERBOSITY default
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..287155ab32 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,33 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Terminate the remote backend process
+SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+       WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+-- execute check function. This should return false on supported platforms,
+-- otherwise return true.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+ABORT;
+
+\set VERBOSITY default
+
+-- Clean up
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 23a71fe4818f45d86b6b8931f9ca6cd915291a82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v23 1/3] Add PQConncheck to libpq

This new libpq function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..f7cff16f7f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,50 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQCanConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQCanConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQCanConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQCanConncheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> is
+       available or not on this platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQCanConncheck"/>
+       returns <literal>0</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise
+       returns <literal>-1</literal>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..b90d178047 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
+PQCanConncheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..2888b94c0d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,63 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQConncheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if this can use PQConncheck(), otherwise -1.
+ */
+int
+PQCanConncheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return 0;
+#else
+	return -1;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..4771ee1124 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQCanConncheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 6323b6ab8918929a7fa87b27de760ed262f63cbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v23 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 107 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  15 +++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  68 +++++++++++
 3 files changed, 190 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index ed75ce3f79..b2691139b2 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1866,106 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has been not initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Foreign server might be down, so throw ereport(WARNING).
+				 */
+				ForeignServer *server;
+
+				server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+						 errmsg("could not connect to server \"%s\"",
+								server->servername),
+						 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+						 errhint("Plsease check the health of the server.")));
+
+				result = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(!PQCanConncheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..b337760bfa 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,18 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 78f2d7d8d5..bfd1dbae93 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -825,6 +825,74 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if a checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports that
+      the connection is closed. This function is currently available only on
+      systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension
+      to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if a lastly checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 8e004ecf5c1972d0caab445485d7d5db0ed663c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v23 3/3] add test

Note that this test has two comparison files. Alternative comparison file is needed
because some platforms like Windows cannot check the status of the socket.
---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index c0267a99d2..5359ae6f0f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11804,3 +11804,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform. 
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..4e99360a31 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform. 
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 600d450274a2f4aa3f3e29c4eb0e1d0e128de2ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v24 1/3] Add PQConncheck and PQCanConncheck to libpq

PQConncheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQCanConncheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..f7cff16f7f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,50 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQCanConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQCanConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQCanConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQCanConncheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> is
+       available or not on this platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQCanConncheck"/>
+       returns <literal>0</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise
+       returns <literal>-1</literal>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..b90d178047 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
+PQCanConncheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..2888b94c0d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,63 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQConncheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if this can use PQConncheck(), otherwise -1.
+ */
+int
+PQCanConncheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return 0;
+#else
+	return -1;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..4771ee1124 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQCanConncheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 3005525d67175deec5cbb01af7565cc7690a5097 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v24 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.

fdw: concat string
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 124 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  15 +++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  68 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 207 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index ed75ce3f79..5f345ca170 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1866,123 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(!PQCanConncheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..b337760bfa 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,18 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 78f2d7d8d5..bfd1dbae93 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -825,6 +825,74 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if a checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports that
+      the connection is closed. This function is currently available only on
+      systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension
+      to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if a lastly checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 4a2178608b9cce47fe2c90649e40d004ffdb34b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v24 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index c0267a99d2..ee1c0eb96b 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11804,3 +11804,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..49042eb8c1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 24dfa629d2f7682fd80278d86d87f7a92f0c0687 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v24 1/3] Add PQConncheck and PQCanConncheck to libpq

PQConncheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQCanConncheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..f7cff16f7f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,50 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQCanConncheck">
+     <term><function>PQCanConncheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQCanConncheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQCanConncheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQConncheck"/> is
+       available or not on this platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQCanConncheck"/>
+       returns <literal>0</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise
+       returns <literal>-1</literal>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..b90d178047 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConncheck               187
+PQCanConncheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..2888b94c0d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,63 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconncheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConncheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConncheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConncheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQConncheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if this can use PQConncheck(), otherwise -1.
+ */
+int
+PQCanConncheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return 0;
+#else
+	return -1;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..4771ee1124 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConncheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQCanConncheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From f1e93bdee4be01b58623cddfc94c4f383d5ec98e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v24 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConncheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 124 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql   |  15 +++
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  68 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 207 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index ed75ce3f79..5f345ca170 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1866,123 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConncheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(!PQCanConncheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
index ed4ca378d4..b337760bfa 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -18,3 +18,18 @@ CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_disconnect_all ()
 RETURNS bool
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 78f2d7d8d5..bfd1dbae93 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -825,6 +825,74 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if a checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections that are established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports that
+      the connection is closed. This function is currently available only on
+      systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension
+      to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if a lastly checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers(false);
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 615ffeac27733039aff876548d9b370285bc25b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v24 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index c0267a99d2..ee1c0eb96b 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11804,3 +11804,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..49042eb8c1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 257217ac713c4a695a2f7d2b6384ee9e4c29da5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v25 1/3] Add PQConnCheck and PQCanConnCheck to libpq

PQConnCheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQCanConnCheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 103 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..4821898f84 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,46 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConnCeck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConnCheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQCanConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQCanConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQCanConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQConnCheck"/> is available on this
+       platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQCanConnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise returns
+       <literal>-1</literal>.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQCanConnCheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..267cfdcb48 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConnCheck               187
+PQCanConnCheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..184fda90d3 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,63 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconnCheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConnCheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConnCheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQConnCheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if this can use PQConnCheck(), otherwise -1.
+ */
+int
+PQCanConnCheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return 0;
+#else
+	return -1;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..053fad0760 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQCanConnCheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 4ad0426668fcc73988878b1d2217365cd8c9d22c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v25 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 124 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  69 ++++++++++
 5 files changed, 214 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index ed75ce3f79..a6702169d4 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1866,123 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(!PQCanConnCheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..05265a1ef8 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,75 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still
+      valid, or the checking is not supported on this platform.
+      <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session seems to be
+      disconnected from at least one remote server. Example usage of the
+      function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From eceaeabbb8faa319f2f3b5589e994214e04a4663 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v25 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2350cfe148..28b5af8d78 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..49042eb8c1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 3ad9df1e9c3a6a21268e9599b5b941b047843c72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v26 1/3] Add PQConnCheck and PQCanConnCheck to libpq

PQConnCheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQCanConnCheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 103 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..086b97340d 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,46 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConnCheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQCanConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQCanConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQCanConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQConnCheck"/> is available on this
+       platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQCanConnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>1</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise returns
+       <literal>0</literal>.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQCanConnCheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..267cfdcb48 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQConnCheck               187
+PQCanConnCheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..445a1da721 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,63 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconnCheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqConnCheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQConnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqConnCheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQConnCheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if this can use PQConnCheck(), otherwise 0.
+ */
+int
+PQCanConnCheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..053fad0760 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQConnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQCanConnCheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From c97328f7c6ca16ed4fb5437abd2e2ce8d2d7c27d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v26 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQConnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 124 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  69 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index ed75ce3f79..4dc26f48bf 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1866,123 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQConnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQCanConnCheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..05265a1ef8 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,75 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still
+      valid, or the checking is not supported on this platform.
+      <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session seems to be
+      disconnected from at least one remote server. Example usage of the
+      function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From e772dff2ea94ce696c26754f18bd27ef49ab4862 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v26 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2350cfe148..28b5af8d78 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..49042eb8c1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 0ddb539dacbdf58448f527ef63cbb748dcf390d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v27 1/3] Add PQconnCheck and PQcanConnCheck to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQcanConnCheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 103 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..c8789ecd95 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,46 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQConnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQConnCheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcanConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQcanConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQcanConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQConnCheck"/> is available on this
+       platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQcanConnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>1</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise returns
+       <literal>0</literal>.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..5c908bfe6e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQcanConnCheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..49f5ca3479 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,63 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconnCheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected.
+ */
+static int
+pqconnCheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqconnCheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise 0.
+ */
+int
+PQcanConnCheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..04a0395efb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 4d28e091ae033fd5ae58ee26af9073f01ed3d059 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 2022 09:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v27 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 124 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  69 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index ed75ce3f79..35a11c22e7 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1862,3 +1866,123 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQcanConnCheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..05265a1ef8 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,75 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still
+      valid, or the checking is not supported on this platform.
+      <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session seems to be
+      disconnected from at least one remote server. Example usage of the
+      function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From b338eeecc5f3810fdf551dd873851e065b5314dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "kuroda.hayato%40jp.fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2022 06:52:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v27 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2350cfe148..28b5af8d78 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..49042eb8c1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 2f17e7ce900c17dd06b03aa891890b345917d303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v28 1/4] Add PQconnCheck and PQcanConnCheck to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQcanConnCheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 40 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 ++
 4 files changed, 115 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..5e07a252ce 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,46 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid or an error is error occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcanConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQcanConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQcanConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> is available on this
+       platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQcanConnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>1</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise returns
+       <literal>0</literal>.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..5c908bfe6e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQcanConnCheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..6e807e7c6a 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,75 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconnCheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected, 0 the socket is valid,
+ * and -1 if an error occurred.
+ */
+static int
+pqconnCheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+	int result;
+
+	/* Prepare pollfd entry */
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the status of socket. Note that we will retry as long as we get
+	 * EINTR.
+	 */
+	do
+		result = poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+	while (result < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+	if (result < 0)
+			return -1;
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqconnCheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise 0.
+ */
+int
+PQcanConnCheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..04a0395efb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From f36effa4eb0045682249c2113afa354b3733a309 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v28 2/4] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 124 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  69 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 7760380f00..1d7e350b33 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,123 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQcanConnCheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..05265a1ef8 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,75 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still
+      valid, or the checking is not supported on this platform.
+      <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session seems to be
+      disconnected from at least one remote server. Example usage of the
+      function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 7d74923f454f0e5e0bd2a6ff47818efa9d4a5614 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v28 3/4] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2350cfe148..28b5af8d78 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..49042eb8c1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From cbb2d8208e0afce89e8110126c5d745c3e947c92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v28 4/4] add kqueue support for PQconnCheck and PQcanConnCheck

---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml        | 15 ++++++------
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml | 10 ++++----
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 5e07a252ce..56e495b3f1 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2692,13 +2692,14 @@ int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
 
       <para>
        Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
-       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
-       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
-       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
-       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
-       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
-       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
-       has been already invalid or an error is error occurred.
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This option
+       relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS, illumos and the BSD
+       family of operating systems, and is not currently available on other
+       systems. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>1</literal> if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the socket is valid, and returns
+       <literal>-1</literal> if the connection has been already invalid or
+       an error is error occurred.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 05265a1ef8..b6912f4d94 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -859,11 +859,11 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
       by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
       foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
       long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
-      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
-      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
-      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
-      returns <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still
-      valid, or the checking is not supported on this platform.
+      that the connection is closed. This option relies on kernel events
+      exposed by Linux, macOS, illumos and the BSD family of operating systems,
+      and is not currently available on other systems. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform.
       <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session seems to be
       disconnected from at least one remote server. Example usage of the
       function:
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 6e807e7c6a..9578f905f9 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@
 
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL_H
 #include <poll.h>
+#elif HAVE_KQUEUE
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/event.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
 
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
@@ -1227,6 +1231,7 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 static int
 pqconnCheck_internal(int sock)
 {
+	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise kqueue(2) */
 #if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
 	struct pollfd input_fd;
 	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
@@ -1249,6 +1254,41 @@ pqconnCheck_internal(int sock)
 			return -1;
 
 	return input_fd.revents;
+#elif defined(HAVE_KQUEUE)
+	struct kevent kev, ret;
+	struct timespec timeout = {};
+	static int kq = -1;
+	int result;
+
+	/* If this function has never called yet, create a kernel event queue */
+	if (kq < 0)
+	{
+		kq = kqueue();
+		if (kq < 0)
+			return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* Prepare kevent structure */
+	EV_SET(&kev, sock, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
+	if (kevent(kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL))
+		return -1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the status of socket. Note that we will retry as long as we get
+	 * EINTR.
+	 */
+	do
+		result = kevent(kq, NULL, 0, &ret, 1, &timeout);
+	while (result < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+	/* Clean up the queue */
+	EV_SET(&kev, sock, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, NULL);
+	kevent(kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+
+	if (result < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	return ret.flags & EV_EOF;
 #else
 	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
 	return 0;
@@ -1281,7 +1321,8 @@ PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
 int
 PQcanConnCheck(void)
 {
-#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+#if ((defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP)) || \
+	 defined(HAVE_KQUEUE))
 	return true;
 #else
 	return false;
-- 
2.27.0

From 7d74923f454f0e5e0bd2a6ff47818efa9d4a5614 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v29 3/4] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2350cfe148..28b5af8d78 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,57 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..49042eb8c1 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,56 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$;
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From bc44376b0045a5d718b80079a6ee882c7c7f05e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v29 4/4] add kqueue support for PQconnCheck and PQcanConnCheck

---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml        | 15 ++++++-----
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml | 10 ++++----
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 5e07a252ce..56e495b3f1 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2692,13 +2692,14 @@ int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
 
       <para>
        Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
-       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
-       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
-       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
-       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
-       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
-       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
-       has been already invalid or an error is error occurred.
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This option
+       relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS, illumos and the BSD
+       family of operating systems, and is not currently available on other
+       systems. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>1</literal> if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the socket is valid, and returns
+       <literal>-1</literal> if the connection has been already invalid or
+       an error is error occurred.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 05265a1ef8..b6912f4d94 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -859,11 +859,11 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
       by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
       foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
       long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
-      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
-      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
-      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
-      returns <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still
-      valid, or the checking is not supported on this platform.
+      that the connection is closed. This option relies on kernel events
+      exposed by Linux, macOS, illumos and the BSD family of operating systems,
+      and is not currently available on other systems. This returns
+      <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform.
       <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session seems to be
       disconnected from at least one remote server. Example usage of the
       function:
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 6e807e7c6a..4d493b7091 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -45,6 +45,14 @@
 #include <poll.h>
 #endif
 
+/* We use poll(2) if it has POLLRDHUP event, otherwise kqueue(2) */
+#if (!(defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP)) && \
+	 defined(HAVE_KQUEUE))
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/event.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "libpq-int.h"
 #include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
@@ -1227,6 +1235,7 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 static int
 pqconnCheck_internal(int sock)
 {
+	/* We use poll(2) if it has POLLRDHUP event, otherwise kqueue(2) */
 #if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
 	struct pollfd input_fd;
 	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
@@ -1249,6 +1258,41 @@ pqconnCheck_internal(int sock)
 			return -1;
 
 	return input_fd.revents;
+#elif defined(HAVE_KQUEUE)
+	struct kevent kev, ret;
+	struct timespec timeout = {};
+	static int kq = -1;
+	int result;
+
+	/* If this function has never called yet, create a kernel event queue */
+	if (kq < 0)
+	{
+		kq = kqueue();
+		if (kq < 0)
+			return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* Prepare kevent structure */
+	EV_SET(&kev, sock, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
+	if (kevent(kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL))
+		return -1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the status of socket. Note that we will retry as long as we get
+	 * EINTR.
+	 */
+	do
+		result = kevent(kq, NULL, 0, &ret, 1, &timeout);
+	while (result < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+	/* Clean up the queue */
+	EV_SET(&kev, sock, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, NULL);
+	kevent(kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+
+	if (result < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	return ret.flags & EV_EOF;
 #else
 	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
 	return 0;
@@ -1281,7 +1325,8 @@ PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
 int
 PQcanConnCheck(void)
 {
-#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+#if ((defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP)) || \
+	 defined(HAVE_KQUEUE))
 	return true;
 #else
 	return false;
-- 
2.27.0

From 2f17e7ce900c17dd06b03aa891890b345917d303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v29 1/4] Add PQconnCheck and PQcanConnCheck to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQcanConnCheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 40 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 ++
 4 files changed, 115 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..5e07a252ce 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,46 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the status of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns <literal>1</literal>
+       if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if
+       the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid or an error is error occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcanConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQcanConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQcanConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> is available on this
+       platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQcanConnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>1</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise returns
+       <literal>0</literal>.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..5c908bfe6e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQcanConnCheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..6e807e7c6a 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,75 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Helper function for PQconnCheck().
+ *
+ * Return >0 if opposite side seems to be disconnected, 0 the socket is valid,
+ * and -1 if an error occurred.
+ */
+static int
+pqconnCheck_internal(int sock)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	int errflags = POLLHUP | POLLERR | POLLNVAL;
+	int result;
+
+	/* Prepare pollfd entry */
+	input_fd.fd = sock;
+	input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | errflags;
+	input_fd.revents = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the status of socket. Note that we will retry as long as we get
+	 * EINTR.
+	 */
+	do
+		result = poll(&input_fd, 1, 0);
+	while (result < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+	if (result < 0)
+			return -1;
+
+	return input_fd.revents;
+#else
+	/* Do not support socket checking on this platform, return 0 */
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	/* quick exit if invalid connection has come */
+	if (conn == NULL ||
+		conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET ||
+		conn->status != CONNECTION_OK)
+		return -1;
+
+	return pqconnCheck_internal(conn->sock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise 0.
+ */
+int
+PQcanConnCheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..04a0395efb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From f36effa4eb0045682249c2113afa354b3733a309 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v29 2/4] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.
This returns true if checked connection is still valid, or the checking is
not supported on this platform. False is returned if the connection seems
to be closed.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 124 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  69 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 7760380f00..1d7e350b33 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,123 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		return true;
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQcanConnCheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..05265a1ef8 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,75 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if checked connections are still valid,
+      or the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all the remote connections are still
+      valid, or the checking is not supported on this platform.
+      <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session seems to be
+      disconnected from at least one remote server. Example usage of the
+      function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From f363393138f78d087d8e319d0eccdf04adc2bc00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v31 1/4] Add PQconnCheck and PQcanConnCheck to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQcanConnCheck() checks whether above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..f49b6e7452 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,47 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the health of the socket.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
+       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
+       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
+       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns
+       greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the socket is valid, and returns
+       <literal>-1</literal> if the connection has been already invalid or
+       an error is error occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcanConnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQcanConnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQcanConnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns whether <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> is available on
+       this platform. <xref linkend="libpq-PQcanConnCheck"/> returns
+       <literal>1</literal> if the function is supported, otherwise returns
+       <literal>0</literal>.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..5c908bfe6e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQcanConnCheck            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..3bcd760cd7 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@
 
 static int	pqPutMsgBytes(const void *buf, size_t len, PGconn *conn);
 static int	pqSendSome(PGconn *conn, int len);
-static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
-						  time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketIsReadableOrWritableOrValid(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+												int forWrite, time_t end_time);
 static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
 
 /*
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
-	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, finish_time);
+	result = pqSocketIsReadableOrWritableOrValid(conn, forRead, forWrite, finish_time);
 
 	if (result < 0)
 		return -1;				/* errorMessage is already set */
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 int
 pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketIsReadableOrWritableOrValid(conn, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 int
 pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketIsReadableOrWritableOrValid(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1034,9 +1034,13 @@ pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
  *
  * If SSL is in use, the SSL buffer is checked prior to checking the socket
  * for read data directly.
+ *
+ * Moreover, when neither forRead nor forWrite is requested and timeout is
+ * disabled, try to check the health of socket.
  */
 static int
-pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketIsReadableOrWritableOrValid(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
+									time_t end_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
@@ -1082,20 +1086,33 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
  *
  * Timeout is infinite if end_time is -1.  Timeout is immediate (no blocking)
  * if end_time is 0 (or indeed, any time before now).
+ *
+ * Moreover, when neither forRead nor forWrite is requested and timeout is
+ * disabled, try to check the health of socket.
  */
 static int
 pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 {
 	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise select(2) */
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL
-	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	struct pollfd input_fd = {0};
 	int			timeout_ms;
 
 	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
-		return 0;
+	{
+		/* Try to check the health if requested */
+		if (end_time == 0)
+#if defined(POLLRDHUP)
+			input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | POLLHUP | POLLNVAL;
+#else
+			return 0;
+#endif /* defined(POLLRDHUP) */
+		else
+			return 0;
+	}
 
 	input_fd.fd = sock;
-	input_fd.events = POLLERR;
+	input_fd.events |= POLLERR;
 	input_fd.revents = 0;
 
 	if (forRead)
@@ -1218,6 +1235,32 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return pqSocketIsReadableOrWritableOrValid(conn, 0, 0, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise 0.
+ */
+int
+PQcanConnCheck(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..04a0395efb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQcanConnCheck(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From afc83105b6d734e93d54504df9be7734386a57b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v31 2/4] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.

This returns true if any of the following condition is satisfied: 1) existing
connection is not closed by the remote peer, 2) there is no connection for specified
server yet, and 3) the checking is not supported on this platform.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 131 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  74 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 227 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 7760380f00..602d810c08 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,130 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found. This returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected, and reutrns
+ * NULL if the connection cache has not been initialized yet.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQcanConnCheck());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..e1abdb38cb 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,80 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
+      satisfied: 1) existing connection is not closed by the remote peer, 2)
+      there is no connection for specified server yet, and 3) the checking is
+      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session does
+      not have a connection cache. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
+      satisfied: 1) all connections are not closed by the remote peer, 2)
+      there are no connections yet, and 3) the checking is
+      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal> is returned if
+      the local session seems to be disconnected from at least one remote
+      server. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session does
+      not have a connection cache. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 3ed051dd7e6c75194a043eaa643f70f2fd6f514d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v31 3/4] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index d5fc61446a..d9926b3857 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,67 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 1e50be137b..81c03d0869 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,65 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From f87cf8bfbcf943b21fd84c8b12b00d92f5367b1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Feb 2023 11:58:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v31 4/4] add kqueue support for PQconnCheck and PQcanConnCheck

---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml        | 16 +++----
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml | 34 +++++++-------
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index f49b6e7452..2abc2ed508 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2692,14 +2692,14 @@ int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
 
       <para>
        Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>, this function checks socket
-       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This function is
-       currently available only on systems that support the non-standard
-       <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system
-       call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns
-       greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
-       <literal>0</literal> if the socket is valid, and returns
-       <literal>-1</literal> if the connection has been already invalid or
-       an error is error occurred.
+       health. This check is performed by polling the socket. This check is
+       performed by polling the socket. This option relies on kernel events
+       exposed by Linux, macOS, illumos and the BSD family of operating
+       systems, and is not currently available on other systems
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/> returns greater than zero if the
+       remote peer seems to be closed, returns <literal>0</literal> if the
+       socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal> if the connection
+       has been already invalid or an error is error occurred.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index e1abdb38cb..75ca74a16e 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -835,13 +835,13 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
       <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
       server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
       and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
-      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
-      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
-      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
-      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
-      satisfied: 1) existing connection is not closed by the remote peer, 2)
-      there is no connection for specified server yet, and 3) the checking is
-      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      reports that the connection is closed. This check is performed by polling
+      the socket. This option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently
+      available on other systems. This returns <literal>true</literal> if any
+      of the following condition is satisfied: 1) existing connection is not
+      closed by the remote peer, 2) there is no connection for specified server
+      yet, and 3) the checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
       is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
       servers. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session does
       not have a connection cache. Example usage of the function:
@@ -862,16 +862,16 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
       by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
       foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
       long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
-      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
-      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
-      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
-      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
-      satisfied: 1) all connections are not closed by the remote peer, 2)
-      there are no connections yet, and 3) the checking is
-      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal> is returned if
-      the local session seems to be disconnected from at least one remote
-      server. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session does
-      not have a connection cache. Example usage of the function:
+      that the connection is closed. This check is performed by polling the
+      socket. This option relies on kernel events exposed by Linux, macOS,
+      illumos and the BSD family of operating systems, and is not currently
+      available on other systems. This returns <literal>true</literal> if any
+      of the following condition is satisfied: 1) all connections are not
+      closed by the remote peer, 2) there are no connections yet, and 3) the
+      checking is not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal> is
+      returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from at least one
+      remote server. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session
+      does not have a connection cache. Example usage of the function:
 <screen>
 postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
  postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3bcd760cd7..caa33cd2e4 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -45,6 +45,18 @@
 #include <poll.h>
 #endif
 
+/* We use poll(2) for checking the health of a socket, otherwise kqueue(2) */
+#if (!(defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP)) && \
+	 defined(HAVE_KQUEUE))
+#define CHECK_USE_KQUEUE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE)
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/event.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "libpq-fe.h"
 #include "libpq-int.h"
 #include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
@@ -57,6 +69,10 @@ static int	pqSocketIsReadableOrWritableOrValid(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
 												int forWrite, time_t end_time);
 static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
 
+#if defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE)
+static int	pqSocketKqueue(int sock);
+#endif
+
 /*
  * PQlibVersion: return the libpq version number
  */
@@ -1104,9 +1120,12 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		if (end_time == 0)
 #if defined(POLLRDHUP)
 			input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP | POLLHUP | POLLNVAL;
+#elif defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE)
+			/* Use kqueue(2) instead */
+			return pqSocketKqueue(sock);
 #else
 			return 0;
-#endif /* defined(POLLRDHUP) */
+#endif
 		else
 			return 0;
 	}
@@ -1143,7 +1162,22 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 	struct timeval *ptr_timeout;
 
 	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
-		return 0;
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Try to check the health if requested
+		 *
+		 * XXX: Is there any systems that cannot use poll(2) but have
+		 * kqueue(2) system call?
+		 */
+		if (end_time == 0)
+#if defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE)
+			return pqSocketKqueue(sock);
+#else
+			return 0;
+#endif							/* defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE) */
+		else
+			return 0;
+	}
 
 	FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
 	FD_ZERO(&output_mask);
@@ -1175,6 +1209,49 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 #endif							/* HAVE_POLL */
 }
 
+#if defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE)
+static int
+pqSocketKqueue(int sock)
+{
+	struct kevent kev,
+				ret;
+	struct timespec timeout = {0};
+	static int	kq = -1;
+	int			result;
+
+	/* If this function has never called yet, create a kernel event queue */
+	if (kq < 0)
+	{
+		kq = kqueue();
+		if (kq < 0)
+			return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* Prepare kevent structure */
+	EV_SET(&kev, sock, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
+	if (kevent(kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL))
+		return -1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the status of socket. Note that we will retry as long as we get
+	 * EINTR.
+	 */
+	do
+		result = kevent(kq, NULL, 0, &ret, 1, &timeout);
+	while (result < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+	/* Clean up the queue */
+	EV_SET(&kev, sock, EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, NULL);
+	kevent(kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+
+	if (result < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	printf("debug print");
+
+	return ret.flags & EV_EOF;
+}
+#endif							/* defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE) */
 
 /*
  * A couple of "miscellaneous" multibyte related functions. They used
@@ -1255,7 +1332,8 @@ PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
 int
 PQcanConnCheck(void)
 {
-#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+#if ((defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP)) || \
+	 defined(CHECK_USE_KQUEUE))
 	return true;
 #else
 	return false;
-- 
2.27.0

From 9d8dbbf978cf681daf13f6c3bc7768709d6fa5d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v32 1/3] Add PQconnCheck and PQconnCheckable to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of the socket by polling
the socket. This function is currently available only on systems that
support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQconnCheckable() checks whether the above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 +++
 4 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..e5e2662996 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,44 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the health of the connection.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function check the health of the connection. Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>,
+       this check is performed by polling the corresponding socket. This
+       function is currently available only on systems that support the
+       non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol>
+       system call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       returns greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal>
+       if the connection has already been closed or an error has occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheckable">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheckable</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheckable</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns true (1) or false (0) to indicate if the PQconnCheck function
+       is supported on this platform.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheckable(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..a06dea9acd 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQconnCheckable            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..4311d1d21c 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@
 
 static int	pqPutMsgBytes(const void *buf, size_t len, PGconn *conn);
 static int	pqSendSome(PGconn *conn, int len);
-static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
-						  time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+												int forWrite, time_t end_time);
 static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
 
 /*
@@ -1027,9 +1027,39 @@ pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
 	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 0, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() works well on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns true (1) if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise false (0).
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheckable(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
  * Checks a socket, using poll or select, for data to be read, written,
- * or both.  Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed
+ * or both. Moreover, when neither forRead nor forWrite is requested and
+ * timeout is disabled, try to check the health of socket.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed
  * out, -1 if an error occurred.
  *
  * If SSL is in use, the SSL buffer is checked prior to checking the socket
@@ -1076,9 +1106,13 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 /*
  * Check a file descriptor for read and/or write data, possibly waiting.
- * If neither forRead nor forWrite are set, immediately return a timeout
- * condition (without waiting).  Return >0 if condition is met, 0
- * if a timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred.
+ * When neither forRead nor forWrite are set and timeout is disabled,
+ *
+ * - If the timeout is disabled, try to check the health of the socket
+ * - Otherwise this immediately returns 0
+ *
+ * Return >0 if condition is met, 0 if a timeout occurred, -1 if an error
+ * or interrupt occurred.
  *
  * Timeout is infinite if end_time is -1.  Timeout is immediate (no blocking)
  * if end_time is 0 (or indeed, any time before now).
@@ -1088,14 +1122,23 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 {
 	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise select(2) */
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL
-	struct pollfd input_fd;
+	struct pollfd input_fd = {0};
 	int			timeout_ms;
 
 	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
-		return 0;
+	{
+		if (!PQconnCheckable() || end_time != 0)
+			return 0;
+
+		/* Check the connection health when end_time is 0 */
+		Assert(PQconnCheckable() && end_time == 0);
+#if defined(POLLRDHUP)
+		input_fd.events = POLLRDHUP;
+#endif
+	}
 
 	input_fd.fd = sock;
-	input_fd.events = POLLERR;
+	input_fd.events |= POLLERR;
 	input_fd.revents = 0;
 
 	if (forRead)
@@ -1218,7 +1261,6 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
-
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
 static void
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..e1bd0cd7b7 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQconnCheckable(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 53136332097686c28b09455165ff1cfc0d4f9c43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v32 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.

This returns true if any of the following condition is satisfied: 1) existing
connection is not closed by the remote peer, 2) there is no connection for specified
server yet, and 3) the checking is not supported on this platform.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 131 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  75 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 228 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 7760380f00..36801fd978 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,130 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found. This returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected, and reutrns
+ * NULL if the connection cache has not been initialized yet.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(server->serverid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid));
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQconnCheckable());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..e2b3d63422 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,81 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
+      satisfied: 1) existing connection is not closed by the remote peer, 2)
+      there is no connection for specified server yet, and 3) the checking is
+      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session does
+      not have a connection cache. If no foreign server with the given name is
+      found, an error is reported. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
+      satisfied: 1) all connections are not closed by the remote peer, 2)
+      there are no connections yet, and 3) the checking is
+      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal> is returned if
+      the local session seems to be disconnected from at least one remote
+      server. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session does
+      not have a connection cache. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From ddd7cae776b041310b7abaced3975ffa1f24c017 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v32 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index d5fc61446a..d9926b3857 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,67 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 1e50be137b..81c03d0869 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,65 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 234b238343cb7e155f57128ee3e3a0ae46e836b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v33 1/3] Add PQconnCheck and PQconnCheckable to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of the connection by
polling the socket. This function is currently available only on systems
that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQconnCheckable() checks whether the above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 38 ++++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 ++
 4 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..afa1fe6731 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,44 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the health of the connection.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks the health of the connection. Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>,
+       this check is performed by polling the corresponding socket. This
+       function is currently available only on systems that support the
+       non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol>
+       system call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       returns greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal>
+       if the connection has already been closed or an error has occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheckable">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheckable</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheckable</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns true (1) or false (0) to indicate if the <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       function is supported on this platform.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheckable(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..a06dea9acd 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQconnCheckable            188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..1a3478dc7e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@
 
 static int	pqPutMsgBytes(const void *buf, size_t len, PGconn *conn);
 static int	pqSendSome(PGconn *conn, int len);
-static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
-						  time_t end_time);
-static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+						  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+						 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
 
 /*
  * PQlibVersion: return the libpq version number
@@ -993,7 +994,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
-	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, finish_time);
+	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, 0, finish_time);
 
 	if (result < 0)
 		return -1;				/* errorMessage is already set */
@@ -1014,7 +1015,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 int
 pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, 0, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1024,19 +1025,52 @@ pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 int
 pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns true (1) if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise false (0).
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheckable(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
  * Checks a socket, using poll or select, for data to be read, written,
- * or both.  Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed
- * out, -1 if an error occurred.
+ * or both. Moreover, this function can check the health of socket on some
+ * limited platforms if end_time is 0.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed out, -1 if an
+ * error occurred. Note that if 0 is returned and forConnCheck is requested, it
+ * means that the socket has not matched POLLRDHUP event and the socket has
+ * still survived.
  *
  * If SSL is in use, the SSL buffer is checked prior to checking the socket
  * for read data directly.
  */
 static int
-pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+			  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
@@ -1059,7 +1093,7 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 	/* We will retry as long as we get EINTR */
 	do
-		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead, forWrite, end_time);
+		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead, forWrite, forConnCheck, end_time);
 	while (result < 0 && SOCK_ERRNO == EINTR);
 
 	if (result < 0)
@@ -1076,15 +1110,20 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 /*
  * Check a file descriptor for read and/or write data, possibly waiting.
- * If neither forRead nor forWrite are set, immediately return a timeout
- * condition (without waiting).  Return >0 if condition is met, 0
- * if a timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred.
+ * Moreover, this function can check the health of socket on some limited
+ * platforms if end_time is 0.
+ *
+ * If neither forRead, forWrite nor forConnCheck are set, immediately return a
+ * timeout condition (without waiting). Return >0 if condition is met, 0 if a
+ * timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred. Note that if 0 is
+ * returned and forConnCheck is requested, it means that the socket has not
+ * matched POLLRDHUP event and the socket has still survived.
  *
  * Timeout is infinite if end_time is -1.  Timeout is immediate (no blocking)
  * if end_time is 0 (or indeed, any time before now).
  */
 static int
-pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise select(2) */
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL
@@ -1092,7 +1131,10 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 	int			timeout_ms;
 
 	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
-		return 0;
+	{
+		if (!forConnCheck || !PQconnCheckable() || end_time != 0)
+			return 0;
+	}
 
 	input_fd.fd = sock;
 	input_fd.events = POLLERR;
@@ -1102,6 +1144,11 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLIN;
 	if (forWrite)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLOUT;
+#if defined(POLLRDHUP)
+	if (forConnCheck)
+		input_fd.events |= POLLRDHUP;
+#endif
+
 
 	/* Compute appropriate timeout interval */
 	if (end_time == ((time_t) -1))
@@ -1218,7 +1265,6 @@ PQenv2encoding(void)
 	return encoding;
 }
 
-
 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 
 static void
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..e1bd0cd7b7 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQconnCheckable(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 74b77d9d0ce0ca04db8381a96b9a78ecc617c447 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v33 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.

This returns true if any of the following condition is satisfied: 1) existing
connection is not closed by the remote peer, 2) there is no connection for specified
server yet, and 3) the checking is not supported on this platform.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 155 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  76 +++++++++
 6 files changed, 253 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 7760380f00..0231d23968 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,154 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found, and this returns
+ * false only when the lastly verified server seems to be disconnected.
+ *
+ * checked will be set to true if PQconnCheck() is called at least once.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	*checked = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now. */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated. */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message. */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+
+			/* Set a flag to notify the caller */
+			*checked = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found. */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Socket close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found. This returns
+ * false only when the verified server seems to be disconnected, and reutrns
+ * NULL if the connection check had not been done.
+ *
+ * Note that the verification can be used on some limited platforms. If this
+ * server does not support it, this function alwayse returns true.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(server->serverid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet. */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQconnCheckable());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..d598228b62 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,82 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
+      satisfied: 1) existing connection is not closed by the remote peer, 2)
+      there is no connection for specified server yet, and 3) the checking is
+      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal>
+      is returned if the local session seems to be disconnected from other
+      servers. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if a connection to the
+      specified foreign server has not been established yet. If no foreign
+      server with the given name is found, an error is reported. Example usage
+      of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if any of the following condition is
+      satisfied: 1) all connections are not closed by the remote peer, 2)
+      there are no connections yet, and 3) the checking is
+      not supported on this platform. <literal>false</literal> is returned if
+      the local session seems to be disconnected from at least one remote
+      server. <literal>NULL</literal> is returned if the local session does
+      not have a connection cache. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether functions the health of remote connectio
+      work well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 6a04df56995cfa4a7e586e5cf29569fd42c87f3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v33 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index d5fc61446a..d9926b3857 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11798,3 +11798,67 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 1e50be137b..81c03d0869 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3974,3 +3974,65 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 0b3a6479c4ccadf97ab48925bfd42fe3088887e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v34 1/3] Add PQconnCheck and PQconnCheckable to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of the connection by
polling the socket. This function is currently available only on systems
that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQconnCheckable() checks whether the above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 38 +++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 ++
 4 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 3ccd8ff942..b6461cf82f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,44 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the health of the connection.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks the health of the connection. Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>,
+       this check is performed by polling the corresponding socket. This
+       function is currently available only on systems that support the
+       non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol>
+       system call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       returns greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the socket is valid, and returns <literal>-1</literal>
+       if the connection has already been closed or an error has occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheckable">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheckable</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheckable</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns true (1) or false (0) to indicate if the <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       function is supported on this platform.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheckable(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..e7f0d435bd 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQconnCheckable           188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..fba5359dcb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@
 
 static int	pqPutMsgBytes(const void *buf, size_t len, PGconn *conn);
 static int	pqSendSome(PGconn *conn, int len);
-static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
-						  time_t end_time);
-static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+						  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+						 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
 
 /*
  * PQlibVersion: return the libpq version number
@@ -993,7 +994,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
-	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, finish_time);
+	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, 0, finish_time);
 
 	if (result < 0)
 		return -1;				/* errorMessage is already set */
@@ -1014,7 +1015,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 int
 pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, 0, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1024,19 +1025,52 @@ pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 int
 pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed the connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns true (1) if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise false (0).
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheckable(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
  * Checks a socket, using poll or select, for data to be read, written,
- * or both.  Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed
- * out, -1 if an error occurred.
+ * or both. Moreover, this function can check the health of the connetion on
+ * some limited platforms if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed out, -1 if an
+ * error occurred. Note that if 0 is returned and forConnCheck is requested, it
+ * means that the socket has not matched POLLRDHUP event and the socket has
+ * still survived.
  *
  * If SSL is in use, the SSL buffer is checked prior to checking the socket
  * for read data directly.
  */
 static int
-pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+			  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
@@ -1059,7 +1093,8 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 	/* We will retry as long as we get EINTR */
 	do
-		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead, forWrite, end_time);
+		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead,
+							  forWrite, forConnCheck, end_time);
 	while (result < 0 && SOCK_ERRNO == EINTR);
 
 	if (result < 0)
@@ -1076,15 +1111,21 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 /*
  * Check a file descriptor for read and/or write data, possibly waiting.
- * If neither forRead nor forWrite are set, immediately return a timeout
- * condition (without waiting).  Return >0 if condition is met, 0
- * if a timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred.
+ * Moreover, this function can check the health of connection on some limited
+ * platform if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * If neither forRead, forWrite nor forConnCheck are set, immediately return a
+ * timeout condition (without waiting). Return >0 if condition is met, 0 if a
+ * timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred. Note that if 0 is
+ * returned and forConnCheck is requested, it means that the socket has not
+ * matched POLLRDHUP event and the socket has still survived.
  *
  * Timeout is infinite if end_time is -1.  Timeout is immediate (no blocking)
  * if end_time is 0 (or indeed, any time before now).
  */
 static int
-pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+			 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise select(2) */
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL
@@ -1092,7 +1133,11 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 	int			timeout_ms;
 
 	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
-		return 0;
+	{
+		/* Connection check can be available on some limted platforms */
+		if (!(forConnCheck && PQconnCheckable()))
+			return 0;
+	}
 
 	input_fd.fd = sock;
 	input_fd.events = POLLERR;
@@ -1102,6 +1147,10 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLIN;
 	if (forWrite)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLOUT;
+#if defined(POLLRDHUP)
+	if (forConnCheck)
+		input_fd.events |= POLLRDHUP;
+#endif
 
 	/* Compute appropriate timeout interval */
 	if (end_time == ((time_t) -1))
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..e1bd0cd7b7 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQconnCheckable(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 2da884f1dab6278a1a3fd71faf02f659da71934f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v34 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.

This returns true if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 162 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 ++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  74 ++++++++
 6 files changed, 258 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 12b54f15cd..99aff6304e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,161 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found. This return true
+ * if disconnections cannot be found, otherwise return false.
+ *
+ * checked will be set to true if PQconnCheck() is called at least once.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	*checked = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+
+			/* Set a flag to notify the caller */
+			*checked = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Connection close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found. This returns true
+ * if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer. false is returned
+ * if the local session seems to be disconnected from other servers. NULL is
+ * returned if a connection to the specified foreign server has not been
+ * established yet, or this function is not available on this platform.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(server->serverid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether functions for verifying cached connections work well or not
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQconnCheckable());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..85e21f8904 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,80 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if existing connection is not closed by
+      the remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local
+      session seems to be disconnected from other servers. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if a connection to the specified foreign server has not been
+      established yet, or this function is not available on this platform.
+      If no foreign server with the given name is found, an error is reported.
+      Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all connections are not closed by the
+      remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session
+      seems to be disconnected from at least one remote server. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if the local session does not have connection caches, or this
+      function is not available on this platform. Example usage of the
+      function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states</function>
+      and <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states</function> work well
+      or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used, otherwise
+      returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 139c1e4d64ae8bfeb8e3eb2a174eb0ab762f6412 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v34 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 04a3ef450c..6446f36092 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11783,3 +11783,67 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 4f3088c03e..b413f96e32 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3979,3 +3979,65 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 7183d0caec360464dbc0e5e83c31eef837d77477 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v35 1/3] Add PQconnCheck and PQconnCheckable to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of the connection by
polling the socket. This function is currently available only on systems
that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQconnCheckable() checks whether the above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 38 +++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 ++
 4 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 3ccd8ff942..b1a4471403 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,44 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the health of the connection.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks the health of the connection. Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>,
+       this check is performed by polling the corresponding socket. This
+       function is currently available only on systems that support the
+       non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol>
+       system call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       returns greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the connection is not closed, and returns
+       <literal>-1</literal> if an error has occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheckable">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheckable</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheckable</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns true (1) or false (0) to indicate if the <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       function is supported on this platform.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheckable(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..e7f0d435bd 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQconnCheckable           188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..897eb413b1 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@
 
 static int	pqPutMsgBytes(const void *buf, size_t len, PGconn *conn);
 static int	pqSendSome(PGconn *conn, int len);
-static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
-						  time_t end_time);
-static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+						  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+						 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
 
 /*
  * PQlibVersion: return the libpq version number
@@ -993,7 +994,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
-	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, finish_time);
+	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, 0, finish_time);
 
 	if (result < 0)
 		return -1;				/* errorMessage is already set */
@@ -1014,7 +1015,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 int
 pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, 0, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1024,19 +1025,52 @@ pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 int
 pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed the connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns true (1) if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise false (0).
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheckable(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
  * Checks a socket, using poll or select, for data to be read, written,
- * or both.  Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed
- * out, -1 if an error occurred.
+ * or both. Moreover, this function can check the health of the connetion on
+ * some limited platforms if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed out, -1 if an
+ * error occurred. Note that if 0 is returned and forConnCheck is requested, it
+ * means that the socket has not matched POLLRDHUP event and the connection is
+ * not closed by the socket peer.
  *
  * If SSL is in use, the SSL buffer is checked prior to checking the socket
  * for read data directly.
  */
 static int
-pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+			  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
@@ -1059,7 +1093,8 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 	/* We will retry as long as we get EINTR */
 	do
-		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead, forWrite, end_time);
+		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead,
+							  forWrite, forConnCheck, end_time);
 	while (result < 0 && SOCK_ERRNO == EINTR);
 
 	if (result < 0)
@@ -1076,15 +1111,21 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 /*
  * Check a file descriptor for read and/or write data, possibly waiting.
- * If neither forRead nor forWrite are set, immediately return a timeout
- * condition (without waiting).  Return >0 if condition is met, 0
- * if a timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred.
+ * Moreover, this function can check the health of connection on some limited
+ * platform if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * If neither forRead, forWrite nor forConnCheck are set, immediately return a
+ * timeout condition (without waiting). Return >0 if condition is met, 0 if a
+ * timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred. Note that if 0 is
+ * returned and forConnCheck is requested, it means that the socket has not
+ * matched POLLRDHUP event and the connection is not closed by the socket peer.
  *
  * Timeout is infinite if end_time is -1.  Timeout is immediate (no blocking)
  * if end_time is 0 (or indeed, any time before now).
  */
 static int
-pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+			 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise select(2) */
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL
@@ -1092,7 +1133,11 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 	int			timeout_ms;
 
 	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
-		return 0;
+	{
+		/* Connection check can be available on some limted platforms */
+		if (!(forConnCheck && PQconnCheckable()))
+			return 0;
+	}
 
 	input_fd.fd = sock;
 	input_fd.events = POLLERR;
@@ -1102,6 +1147,10 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLIN;
 	if (forWrite)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLOUT;
+#if defined(POLLRDHUP)
+	if (forConnCheck)
+		input_fd.events |= POLLRDHUP;
+#endif
 
 	/* Compute appropriate timeout interval */
 	if (end_time == ((time_t) -1))
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..e1bd0cd7b7 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQconnCheckable(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From d9ef6cf61b767c3d552c3adb0b65f9cef2bbe57a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v35 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.

This returns true if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 162 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 ++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  74 ++++++++
 6 files changed, 258 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 12b54f15cd..28f0775ffa 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,161 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found. This returns true
+ * if disconnections cannot be found, otherwise returns false.
+ *
+ * checked will be set to true if PQconnCheck() is called at least once.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	*checked = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+
+			/* Set a flag to notify the caller */
+			*checked = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Connection close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found. This returns true
+ * if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer. false is returned
+ * if the local session seems to be disconnected from other servers. NULL is
+ * returned if a valid connection to the specified foreign server is not
+ * established or this function is not available on this platform.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(server->serverid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether functions for verifying cached connections work well or not
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQconnCheckable());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..8cdb0d0a9d 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,80 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if existing connection is not closed by
+      the remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local
+      session seems to be disconnected from other servers. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if a valid connection to the specified foreign server is not
+      established or this function is not available on this platform. If no
+      foreign server with the given name is found, an error is reported.
+      Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all connections are not closed by the
+      remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session
+      seems to be disconnected from at least one remote server. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if there are no established connections or this function is
+      not available on this platform. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states</function>
+      and <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all</function> work
+      well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the
+      function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 987d157a13d8f2dc200b99b0a914f105a167e100 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v35 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 04a3ef450c..6446f36092 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11783,3 +11783,67 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 4f3088c03e..b413f96e32 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3979,3 +3979,65 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 80e7e98d63f71b2114b1059ba753c62381b15eed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v36 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.

This returns true if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 162 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 ++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  74 ++++++++
 6 files changed, 258 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 12b54f15cd..da1155275f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,161 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found. This returns false
+ * if disconnections are found, otherwise returns true.
+ *
+ * checked will be set to true if PQconnCheck() is called at least once.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	*checked = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+
+			/* Set a flag to notify the caller */
+			*checked = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				 errdetail("Connection close is detected."),
+				 errhint("Plsease check the health of server.")));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found. This returns true
+ * if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer. false is returned
+ * if the local session seems to be disconnected from other servers. NULL is
+ * returned if a valid connection to the specified foreign server is not
+ * established or this function is not available on this platform.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(server->serverid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether functions for verifying cached connections work well or not
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQconnCheckable());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..db4ce37c30 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,80 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if existing connection is not closed by
+      the remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local
+      session seems to be disconnected from other servers. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if a valid connection to the specified foreign server is not
+      established or this function is not available on this platform. If no
+      foreign server with the given name is found, an error is reported.
+      Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all connections are not closed by the
+      remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session
+      seems to be disconnected from at least one remote server. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if no valid connections are established or this function is
+      not available on this platform. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states</function>
+      and <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all</function> work
+      well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the
+      function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From 861ccc0f1a119305d4466f0a09f6043a8b3cb866 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v36 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 04a3ef450c..6446f36092 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11783,3 +11783,67 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 4f3088c03e..b413f96e32 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3979,3 +3979,65 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0

From 7183d0caec360464dbc0e5e83c31eef837d77477 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v36 1/3] Add PQconnCheck and PQconnCheckable to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of the connection by
polling the socket. This function is currently available only on systems
that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQconnCheckable() checks whether the above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 38 +++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  4 ++
 4 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 3ccd8ff942..b1a4471403 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,44 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the health of the connection.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks the health of the connection. Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>,
+       this check is performed by polling the corresponding socket. This
+       function is currently available only on systems that support the
+       non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol>
+       system call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       returns greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the connection is not closed, and returns
+       <literal>-1</literal> if an error has occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheckable">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheckable</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheckable</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns true (1) or false (0) to indicate if the <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       function is supported on this platform.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheckable(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..e7f0d435bd 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQconnCheckable           188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..897eb413b1 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@
 
 static int	pqPutMsgBytes(const void *buf, size_t len, PGconn *conn);
 static int	pqSendSome(PGconn *conn, int len);
-static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
-						  time_t end_time);
-static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+						  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+						 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
 
 /*
  * PQlibVersion: return the libpq version number
@@ -993,7 +994,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
-	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, finish_time);
+	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, 0, finish_time);
 
 	if (result < 0)
 		return -1;				/* errorMessage is already set */
@@ -1014,7 +1015,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 int
 pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, 0, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1024,19 +1025,52 @@ pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 int
 pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed the connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns true (1) if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise false (0).
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheckable(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
  * Checks a socket, using poll or select, for data to be read, written,
- * or both.  Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed
- * out, -1 if an error occurred.
+ * or both. Moreover, this function can check the health of the connetion on
+ * some limited platforms if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed out, -1 if an
+ * error occurred. Note that if 0 is returned and forConnCheck is requested, it
+ * means that the socket has not matched POLLRDHUP event and the connection is
+ * not closed by the socket peer.
  *
  * If SSL is in use, the SSL buffer is checked prior to checking the socket
  * for read data directly.
  */
 static int
-pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+			  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
@@ -1059,7 +1093,8 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 	/* We will retry as long as we get EINTR */
 	do
-		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead, forWrite, end_time);
+		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead,
+							  forWrite, forConnCheck, end_time);
 	while (result < 0 && SOCK_ERRNO == EINTR);
 
 	if (result < 0)
@@ -1076,15 +1111,21 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 /*
  * Check a file descriptor for read and/or write data, possibly waiting.
- * If neither forRead nor forWrite are set, immediately return a timeout
- * condition (without waiting).  Return >0 if condition is met, 0
- * if a timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred.
+ * Moreover, this function can check the health of connection on some limited
+ * platform if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * If neither forRead, forWrite nor forConnCheck are set, immediately return a
+ * timeout condition (without waiting). Return >0 if condition is met, 0 if a
+ * timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred. Note that if 0 is
+ * returned and forConnCheck is requested, it means that the socket has not
+ * matched POLLRDHUP event and the connection is not closed by the socket peer.
  *
  * Timeout is infinite if end_time is -1.  Timeout is immediate (no blocking)
  * if end_time is 0 (or indeed, any time before now).
  */
 static int
-pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+			 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise select(2) */
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL
@@ -1092,7 +1133,11 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 	int			timeout_ms;
 
 	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
-		return 0;
+	{
+		/* Connection check can be available on some limted platforms */
+		if (!(forConnCheck && PQconnCheckable()))
+			return 0;
+	}
 
 	input_fd.fd = sock;
 	input_fd.events = POLLERR;
@@ -1102,6 +1147,10 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLIN;
 	if (forWrite)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLOUT;
+#if defined(POLLRDHUP)
+	if (forConnCheck)
+		input_fd.events |= POLLRDHUP;
+#endif
 
 	/* Compute appropriate timeout interval */
 	if (end_time == ((time_t) -1))
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..e1bd0cd7b7 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,10 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+extern int PQconnCheckable(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From a7d47f6eba34077c0b9da7551b5be7c360131a6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v37 1/3] Add PQconnCheck and PQconnCheckable to libpq

PQconnCheck() function allows to check the status of the connection by
polling the socket. This function is currently available only on systems
that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension to the poll system call,
including Linux.

PQconnCheckable() checks whether the above function is available or not.
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml          | 38 ++++++++++++++
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt |  2 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c   | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h  |  6 +++
 4 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 3ccd8ff942..b1a4471403 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -2679,6 +2679,44 @@ void *PQgetssl(const PGconn *conn);
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheck">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheck</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheck</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns the health of the connection.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function checks the health of the connection. Unlike <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/>,
+       this check is performed by polling the corresponding socket. This
+       function is currently available only on systems that support the
+       non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol> extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol>
+       system call, including Linux. <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       returns greater than zero if the remote peer seems to be closed, returns
+       <literal>0</literal> if the connection is not closed, and returns
+       <literal>-1</literal> if an error has occurred.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnCheckable">
+     <term><function>PQconnCheckable</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnCheckable</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Returns true (1) or false (0) to indicate if the <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnCheck"/>
+       function is supported on this platform.
+
+<synopsis>
+int PQconnCheckable(void);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..e7f0d435bd 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQconnCheck               187
+PQconnCheckable           188
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..ccb9a0ae31 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@
 
 static int	pqPutMsgBytes(const void *buf, size_t len, PGconn *conn);
 static int	pqSendSome(PGconn *conn, int len);
-static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite,
-						  time_t end_time);
-static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+						  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
+static int	pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+						 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time);
 
 /*
  * PQlibVersion: return the libpq version number
@@ -993,7 +994,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
-	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, finish_time);
+	result = pqSocketCheck(conn, forRead, forWrite, 0, finish_time);
 
 	if (result < 0)
 		return -1;				/* errorMessage is already set */
@@ -1014,7 +1015,7 @@ pqWaitTimed(int forRead, int forWrite, PGconn *conn, time_t finish_time)
 int
 pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 1, 0, 0, (time_t) 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1024,19 +1025,52 @@ pqReadReady(PGconn *conn)
 int
 pqWriteReady(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 1, 0, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the socket peer closed the connection or not.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if remote peer seems to be closed, 0 if it is valid,
+ * -1 if the input connection is bad or an error occurred.
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return pqSocketCheck(conn, 0, 0, 1, (time_t) 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether PQconnCheck() can work on this platform.
+ *
+ * Returns true (1) if this can use PQconnCheck(), otherwise false (0).
+ */
+int
+PQconnCheckable(void)
+{
+#if (defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(POLLRDHUP))
+	return true;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
  * Checks a socket, using poll or select, for data to be read, written,
- * or both.  Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed
- * out, -1 if an error occurred.
+ * or both. Moreover, this function can check the health of the connetion on
+ * some limited platforms if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * Returns >0 if one or more conditions are met, 0 if it timed out, -1 if an
+ * error occurred. Note that if 0 is returned when forConnCheck is requested,
+ * it means that the socket has not matched POLLRDHUP event and the connection
+ * is not closed by the socket peer.
  *
  * If SSL is in use, the SSL buffer is checked prior to checking the socket
  * for read data directly.
  */
 static int
-pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead,
+			  int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	int			result;
 
@@ -1059,7 +1093,8 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 	/* We will retry as long as we get EINTR */
 	do
-		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead, forWrite, end_time);
+		result = pqSocketPoll(conn->sock, forRead,
+							  forWrite, forConnCheck, end_time);
 	while (result < 0 && SOCK_ERRNO == EINTR);
 
 	if (result < 0)
@@ -1076,22 +1111,33 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 /*
  * Check a file descriptor for read and/or write data, possibly waiting.
- * If neither forRead nor forWrite are set, immediately return a timeout
- * condition (without waiting).  Return >0 if condition is met, 0
- * if a timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred.
+ * Moreover, this function can check the health of connection on some limited
+ * platform if forConnCehck is specified.
+ *
+ * If neither forRead, forWrite nor forConnCheck are set, immediately return a
+ * timeout condition (without waiting). Return >0 if condition is met, 0 if a
+ * timeout occurred, -1 if an error or interrupt occurred. Note that if 0 is
+ * returned when forConnCheck is requested, it means that the socket has not
+ * matched POLLRDHUP event and the connection is not closed by the socket peer.
  *
  * Timeout is infinite if end_time is -1.  Timeout is immediate (no blocking)
  * if end_time is 0 (or indeed, any time before now).
  */
 static int
-pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
+pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead,
+			 int forWrite, int forConnCheck, time_t end_time)
 {
 	/* We use poll(2) if available, otherwise select(2) */
 #ifdef HAVE_POLL
 	struct pollfd input_fd;
 	int			timeout_ms;
 
-	if (!forRead && !forWrite)
+	/*
+	 * Quick exit if no effective options are given. Note that connection
+	 * check can be available on some limted platforms.
+	 */
+	if (!forRead && !forWrite &&
+		!(forConnCheck && PQconnCheckable()))
 		return 0;
 
 	input_fd.fd = sock;
@@ -1102,6 +1148,10 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLIN;
 	if (forWrite)
 		input_fd.events |= POLLOUT;
+#if defined(POLLRDHUP)
+	if (forConnCheck)
+		input_fd.events |= POLLRDHUP;
+#endif
 
 	/* Compute appropriate timeout interval */
 	if (end_time == ((time_t) -1))
@@ -1136,6 +1186,12 @@ pqSocketPoll(int sock, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 
 	if (forWrite)
 		FD_SET(sock, &output_mask);
+
+	/*
+	 * forConncheck is not checked because the feature is not supported on
+	 * this platform.
+	 */
+
 	FD_SET(sock, &except_mask);
 
 	/* Compute appropriate timeout interval */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..3759a87225 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -648,6 +648,12 @@ extern int	PQdsplen(const char *s, int encoding);
 /* Get encoding id from environment variable PGCLIENTENCODING */
 extern int	PQenv2encoding(void);
 
+/* Check whether the postgres server is still alive or not */
+extern int	PQconnCheck(PGconn *conn);
+
+/* Check whether PQconnCheck() can work on this platform */
+extern int	PQconnCheckable(void);
+
 /* === in fe-auth.c === */
 
 extern char *PQencryptPassword(const char *passwd, const char *user);
-- 
2.27.0

From 789ea32a9bb3f5b9186a60fed85d1a30dc6b4441 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v37 2/3] postgres_fdw: add
 postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states

This function can verify the status of connections that are establieshed by
postgres_fdw. This check wil be done by PQconnCheck(), which means this is
available only on systems that support the non-standard POLLRDHUP extension
to the poll system call, including Linux.

This returns true if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer.
---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile                 |   2 +-
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 162 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build              |   1 +
 .../postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql   |  19 ++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml                |  74 ++++++++
 6 files changed, 258 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
index c1b0cad453..6d23768389 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir)
 SHLIB_LINK_INTERNAL = $(libpq)
 
 EXTENSION = postgres_fdw
-DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
+DATA = postgres_fdw--1.0.sql postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
 
 REGRESS = postgres_fdw
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 12b54f15cd..1bcf70cb12 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ static bool xact_got_connection = false;
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_get_connections);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect);
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_disconnect_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states);
 
 /* prototypes of private functions */
 static void make_new_connection(ConnCacheEntry *entry, UserMapping *user);
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ static void pgfdw_finish_pre_subcommit_cleanup(List *pending_entries,
 											   int curlevel);
 static bool UserMappingPasswordRequired(UserMapping *user);
 static bool disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid);
+static bool verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked);
 
 /*
  * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
@@ -1832,3 +1836,161 @@ disconnect_cached_connections(Oid serverid)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Workhorse to verify cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function scans all the connection cache entries and verifies the
+ * connections whose foreign server OID matches with the specified one. If
+ * InvalidOid is specified, it verifies all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function emits warnings if a disconnection is found. This returns false
+ * if disconnections are found, otherwise returns true.
+ *
+ * checked will be set to true if PQconnCheck() is called at least once.
+ */
+static bool
+verify_cached_connections(Oid serverid, bool *checked)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	bool		all = !OidIsValid(serverid);
+	bool		result = true;
+	StringInfoData str;
+
+	*checked = false;
+
+	Assert(ConnectionHash);
+
+	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
+	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
+	{
+		/* Ignore cache entry if no open connection right now */
+		if (!entry->conn)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip if the entry is invalidated */
+		if (entry->invalidated)
+			continue;
+
+		if (all || entry->serverid == serverid)
+		{
+			if (PQconnCheck(entry->conn))
+			{
+				/* A foreign server might be down, so construct a message */
+				ForeignServer *server = GetForeignServer(entry->serverid);
+
+				if (result)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * Initialize and add a prefix if this is the first
+					 * disconnection we found.
+					 */
+					initStringInfo(&str);
+					appendStringInfo(&str, "could not connect to server ");
+
+					result = false;
+				}
+				else
+					appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+				appendStringInfo(&str, "\"%s\"", server->servername);
+			}
+
+			/* Set a flag to notify the caller */
+			*checked = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Raise a warning if disconnections are found */
+	if (!result)
+	{
+		Assert(str.len);
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				errmsg("%s", str.data),
+				errdetail("Connection close is detected."),
+				errhint("Plsease check the health of server."));
+		pfree(str.data);
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the specified cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign server with the given name.
+ *
+ * This function emits a warning if a disconnection is found. This returns true
+ * if existing connection is not closed by the remote peer. false is returned
+ * if the local session seems to be disconnected from other servers. NULL is
+ * returned if a valid connection to the specified foreign server is not
+ * established or this function is not available on this platform.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ForeignServer *server;
+	char	   *servername;
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	servername = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+	server = GetForeignServerByName(servername, false);
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(server->serverid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify all the cached connections.
+ *
+ * This function verifies all the connections that are established by postgres_fdw
+ * from the local session to the foreign servers.
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bool		result,
+				checked = false;
+
+	/* quick exit if the checking does not work well on this platfrom */
+	if (!PQconnCheckable())
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* quick exit if connection cache has not been initialized yet */
+	if (!ConnectionHash)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	result = verify_cached_connections(InvalidOid, &checked);
+
+	/* Return the result if checking function was called, otherwise NULL */
+	if (checked)
+		PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether functions for verifying cached connections work well or not
+ */
+Datum
+postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(PQconnCheckable());
+}
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
index 2b451f165e..29118d47bb 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ install_data(
   'postgres_fdw.control',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0.sql',
   'postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql',
+  'postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql',
   kwargs: contrib_data_args,
 )
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8556b4c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states (text)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL RESTRICTED;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states ()
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
index d489382064..a4b800be4f 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.control
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # postgres_fdw extension
 comment = 'foreign-data wrapper for remote PostgreSQL servers'
-default_version = '1.1'
+default_version = '1.2'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/postgres_fdw'
 relocatable = true
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
index 644f51835b..db4ce37c30 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml
@@ -826,6 +826,80 @@ postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states(server_name text) returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of remote connections established by
+      <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the foreign
+      server with the given name. This check is performed by polling the socket
+      and allows long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel
+      reports that the connection is closed. This function is currently
+      available only on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if existing connection is not closed by
+      the remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local
+      session seems to be disconnected from other servers. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if a valid connection to the specified foreign server is not
+      established or this function is not available on this platform. If no
+      foreign server with the given name is found, an error is reported.
+      Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback1');
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states
+---------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks the status of all the remote connections established
+      by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> from the local session to the
+      foreign servers. This check is performed by polling the socket and allows
+      long-running transactions to be aborted sooner if the kernel reports
+      that the connection is closed. This function is currently available only
+      on systems that support the non-standard <symbol>POLLRDHUP</symbol>
+      extension to the <symbol>poll</symbol> system call, including Linux. This
+      returns <literal>true</literal> if all connections are not closed by the
+      remote peer. <literal>false</literal> is returned if the local session
+      seems to be disconnected from at least one remote server. <literal>NULL</literal>
+      is returned if no valid connections are established or this function is
+      not available on this platform. Example usage of the function:
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+ postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><function>postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states() returns boolean</function></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      This function checks whether <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states</function>
+      and <function>postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all</function> work
+      well or not. This returns <literal>true</literal> if it can be used,
+      otherwise returns <literal>false</literal>. Example usage of the
+      function:
+
+<screen>
+postgres=# SELECT postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+ postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states
+-------------------------------------------
+ t
+</screen>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    </variablelist>
 
 </sect2>
-- 
2.27.0

From ac91e814de9b99550c120700c872d7da40b118b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:17:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH v37 3/3] add test

---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     | 62 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 04a3ef450c..6446f36092 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -11783,3 +11783,67 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        1
+(1 row)
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+INFO:  00000
+ERROR:  08006
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 4f3088c03e..b413f96e32 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -3979,3 +3979,65 @@ ANALYZE analyze_table;
 -- cleanup
 DROP FOREIGN TABLE analyze_ftable;
 DROP TABLE analyze_table;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for postgres_fdw_verify_foreign_servers function
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Disable debug_discard_caches in order to manage remote connections
+SET debug_discard_caches TO '0';
+
+-- -- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+
+-- Disconnect once and set application_name to an arbitrary value
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET application_name 'healthcheck');
+
+-- Define procedure for testing verify functions
+CREATE PROCEDURE test_verify_function(use_all boolean) AS $$
+DECLARE
+	can_verify boolean;
+	result boolean;
+BEGIN
+	PERFORM 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+	-- Terminate the remote backend process
+	PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+		WHERE application_name = 'healthcheck';
+
+	-- Check whether we can do health check on this platform
+	SELECT INTO can_verify postgres_fdw_can_verify_connection_states();
+
+	-- If the checking can be done on this platform, call it
+	IF can_verify IS TRUE THEN
+		-- Set client_min_messages to ERROR temporary because the following
+		-- function only throws a WARNING on the supported platform.
+		SET LOCAL client_min_messages TO ERROR;
+
+		IF use_all IS TRUE THEN
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all();
+		ELSE
+			SELECT INTO result postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states('loopback');
+		END IF;
+
+		RESET client_min_messages;
+	ELSE
+		result = false;
+	END IF;
+
+	-- If result is FALSE, we succeeded to detect the disconnection or it could
+	-- not be done on this platform. Raise an message.
+	IF result IS FALSE THEN
+		RAISE INFO 'postgres_fdw_verify_connection_states_all() could detect the disconnection, or health check cannot be used on this platform';
+	END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+-- ..And call above function
+CALL test_verify_function(false);
+CALL test_verify_function(true);
+
+-- Clean up
+\set VERBOSITY default
+RESET debug_discard_caches;
-- 
2.27.0