[PATCH] Split varlena.c into varlena.c and bytea.c

From 86776455a7b82f8cad6b984d3ddd67fc8f0e3258 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aleksander Alekseev <aleksander@timescale.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2025 13:01:31 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v2] Split varlena.c into varlena.c and bytea.c

Move most of the code dealing with bytea into a separate file.

Aleksander Alekseev, reviewed by TODO FIXME
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAJ7c6TMPVPJ5DL447zDz5ydctB8OmuviURtSwd=PHCRFEPDEAQ@mail.gmail.com
---
 src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile    |    1 +
 src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c     | 1147 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build |    1 +
 src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c   | 1214 ++---------------------------
 4 files changed, 1207 insertions(+), 1156 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c

diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile b/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile
index 35e8c01aab9..d7b1902a070 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ OBJS = \
 	arrayutils.o \
 	ascii.o \
 	bool.o \
+	bytea.o \
 	cash.o \
 	char.o \
 	cryptohashfuncs.o \
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0b3acc7b300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * bytea.c
+ *	  Functions for the bytea type.
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ *
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *	  src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include "access/detoast.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "common/int.h"
+#include "funcapi.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/bytea.h"
+#include "utils/varlena.h"
+
+/* GUC variable */
+int			bytea_output = BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX;
+
+static StringInfo
+			makeStringAggState(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo);
+static bytea *bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2);
+static bytea *bytea_substring(Datum str, int S, int L, bool length_not_specified);
+static bytea *bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl);
+
+
+/* subroutine to initialize state */
+static StringInfo
+makeStringAggState(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
+{
+	StringInfo	state;
+	MemoryContext aggcontext;
+	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+
+	if (!AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, &aggcontext))
+	{
+		/* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
+		elog(ERROR, "bytea_string_agg_transfn called in non-aggregate context");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create state in aggregate context.  It'll stay there across subsequent
+	 * calls.
+	 */
+	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(aggcontext);
+	state = makeStringInfo();
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
+
+	return state;
+}
+
+/*
+ * bytea_catenate
+ *	Guts of byteacat(), broken out so it can be used by other functions
+ *
+ * Arguments can be in short-header form, but not compressed or out-of-line
+ */
+static bytea *
+bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2)
+{
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			len1,
+				len2,
+				len;
+	char	   *ptr;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
+
+	/* paranoia ... probably should throw error instead? */
+	if (len1 < 0)
+		len1 = 0;
+	if (len2 < 0)
+		len2 = 0;
+
+	len = len1 + len2 + VARHDRSZ;
+	result = (bytea *) palloc(len);
+
+	/* Set size of result string... */
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, len);
+
+	/* Fill data field of result string... */
+	ptr = VARDATA(result);
+	if (len1 > 0)
+		memcpy(ptr, VARDATA_ANY(t1), len1);
+	if (len2 > 0)
+		memcpy(ptr + len1, VARDATA_ANY(t2), len2);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+#define PG_STR_GET_BYTEA(str_) \
+	DatumGetByteaPP(DirectFunctionCall1(byteain, CStringGetDatum(str_)))
+
+static bytea *
+bytea_substring(Datum str,
+				int S,
+				int L,
+				bool length_not_specified)
+{
+	int32		S1;				/* adjusted start position */
+	int32		L1;				/* adjusted substring length */
+	int32		E;				/* end position */
+
+	/*
+	 * The logic here should generally match text_substring().
+	 */
+	S1 = Max(S, 1);
+
+	if (length_not_specified)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Not passed a length - DatumGetByteaPSlice() grabs everything to the
+		 * end of the string if we pass it a negative value for length.
+		 */
+		L1 = -1;
+	}
+	else if (L < 0)
+	{
+		/* SQL99 says to throw an error for E < S, i.e., negative length */
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
+		L1 = -1;				/* silence stupider compilers */
+	}
+	else if (pg_add_s32_overflow(S, L, &E))
+	{
+		/*
+		 * L could be large enough for S + L to overflow, in which case the
+		 * substring must run to end of string.
+		 */
+		L1 = -1;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/*
+		 * A zero or negative value for the end position can happen if the
+		 * start was negative or one. SQL99 says to return a zero-length
+		 * string.
+		 */
+		if (E < 1)
+			return PG_STR_GET_BYTEA("");
+
+		L1 = E - S1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If the start position is past the end of the string, SQL99 says to
+	 * return a zero-length string -- DatumGetByteaPSlice() will do that for
+	 * us.  We need only convert S1 to zero-based starting position.
+	 */
+	return DatumGetByteaPSlice(str, S1 - 1, L1);
+}
+
+static bytea *
+bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl)
+{
+	bytea	   *result;
+	bytea	   *s1;
+	bytea	   *s2;
+	int			sp_pl_sl;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for possible integer-overflow cases.  For negative sp, throw a
+	 * "substring length" error because that's what should be expected
+	 * according to the spec's definition of OVERLAY().
+	 */
+	if (sp <= 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
+	if (pg_add_s32_overflow(sp, sl, &sp_pl_sl))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				 errmsg("integer out of range")));
+
+	s1 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), 1, sp - 1, false);
+	s2 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), sp_pl_sl, -1, true);
+	result = bytea_catenate(s1, t2);
+	result = bytea_catenate(result, s2);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *	 USER I/O ROUTINES														 *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+#define VAL(CH)			((CH) - '0')
+#define DIG(VAL)		((VAL) + '0')
+
+/*
+ *		byteain			- converts from printable representation of byte array
+ *
+ *		Non-printable characters must be passed as '\nnn' (octal) and are
+ *		converted to internal form.  '\' must be passed as '\\'.
+ *		ereport(ERROR, ...) if bad form.
+ *
+ *		BUGS:
+ *				The input is scanned twice.
+ *				The error checking of input is minimal.
+ */
+Datum
+byteain(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *inputText = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	Node	   *escontext = fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *tp;
+	char	   *rp;
+	int			bc;
+	bytea	   *result;
+
+	/* Recognize hex input */
+	if (inputText[0] == '\\' && inputText[1] == 'x')
+	{
+		size_t		len = strlen(inputText);
+
+		bc = (len - 2) / 2 + VARHDRSZ;	/* maximum possible length */
+		result = palloc(bc);
+		bc = hex_decode_safe(inputText + 2, len - 2, VARDATA(result),
+							 escontext);
+		SET_VARSIZE(result, bc + VARHDRSZ); /* actual length */
+
+		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+	}
+
+	/* Else, it's the traditional escaped style */
+	for (bc = 0, tp = inputText; *tp != '\0'; bc++)
+	{
+		if (tp[0] != '\\')
+			tp++;
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
+				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
+				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
+			tp += 4;
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
+			tp += 2;
+		else
+		{
+			/*
+			 * one backslash, not followed by another or ### valid octal
+			 */
+			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
+		}
+	}
+
+	bc += VARHDRSZ;
+
+	result = (bytea *) palloc(bc);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, bc);
+
+	tp = inputText;
+	rp = VARDATA(result);
+	while (*tp != '\0')
+	{
+		if (tp[0] != '\\')
+			*rp++ = *tp++;
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
+				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
+				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
+		{
+			bc = VAL(tp[1]);
+			bc <<= 3;
+			bc += VAL(tp[2]);
+			bc <<= 3;
+			*rp++ = bc + VAL(tp[3]);
+
+			tp += 4;
+		}
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
+		{
+			*rp++ = '\\';
+			tp += 2;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/*
+			 * We should never get here. The first pass should not allow it.
+			 */
+			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
+		}
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		byteaout		- converts to printable representation of byte array
+ *
+ *		In the traditional escaped format, non-printable characters are
+ *		printed as '\nnn' (octal) and '\' as '\\'.
+ */
+Datum
+byteaout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	char	   *result;
+	char	   *rp;
+
+	if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX)
+	{
+		/* Print hex format */
+		rp = result = palloc(VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena) * 2 + 2 + 1);
+		*rp++ = '\\';
+		*rp++ = 'x';
+		rp += hex_encode(VARDATA_ANY(vlena), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena), rp);
+	}
+	else if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_ESCAPE)
+	{
+		/* Print traditional escaped format */
+		char	   *vp;
+		uint64		len;
+		int			i;
+
+		len = 1;				/* empty string has 1 char */
+		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
+		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
+		{
+			if (*vp == '\\')
+				len += 2;
+			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
+				len += 4;
+			else
+				len++;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * In principle len can't overflow uint32 if the input fit in 1GB, but
+		 * for safety let's check rather than relying on palloc's internal
+		 * check.
+		 */
+		if (len > MaxAllocSize)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg_internal("result of bytea output conversion is too large")));
+		rp = result = (char *) palloc(len);
+
+		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
+		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
+		{
+			if (*vp == '\\')
+			{
+				*rp++ = '\\';
+				*rp++ = '\\';
+			}
+			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
+			{
+				int			val;	/* holds unprintable chars */
+
+				val = *vp;
+				rp[0] = '\\';
+				rp[3] = DIG(val & 07);
+				val >>= 3;
+				rp[2] = DIG(val & 07);
+				val >>= 3;
+				rp[1] = DIG(val & 03);
+				rp += 4;
+			}
+			else
+				*rp++ = *vp;
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized \"bytea_output\" setting: %d",
+			 bytea_output);
+		rp = result = NULL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
+	}
+	*rp = '\0';
+	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		bytearecv			- converts external binary format to bytea
+ */
+Datum
+bytearecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			nbytes;
+
+	nbytes = buf->len - buf->cursor;
+	result = (bytea *) palloc(nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
+	pq_copymsgbytes(buf, VARDATA(result), nbytes);
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		byteasend			- converts bytea to binary format
+ *
+ * This is a special case: just copy the input...
+ */
+Datum
+byteasend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(vlena);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_string_agg_transfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	state;
+
+	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	/* Append the value unless null, preceding it with the delimiter. */
+	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(1))
+	{
+		bytea	   *value = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+		bool		isfirst = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * You might think we can just throw away the first delimiter, however
+		 * we must keep it as we may be a parallel worker doing partial
+		 * aggregation building a state to send to the main process.  We need
+		 * to keep the delimiter of every aggregation so that the combine
+		 * function can properly join up the strings of two separately
+		 * partially aggregated results.  The first delimiter is only stripped
+		 * off in the final function.  To know how much to strip off the front
+		 * of the string, we store the length of the first delimiter in the
+		 * StringInfo's cursor field, which we don't otherwise need here.
+		 */
+		if (state == NULL)
+		{
+			state = makeStringAggState(fcinfo);
+			isfirst = true;
+		}
+
+		if (!PG_ARGISNULL(2))
+		{
+			bytea	   *delim = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(2);
+
+			appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(delim),
+								   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim));
+			if (isfirst)
+				state->cursor = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim);
+		}
+
+		appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(value),
+							   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(value));
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The transition type for string_agg() is declared to be "internal",
+	 * which is a pass-by-value type the same size as a pointer.
+	 */
+	if (state)
+		PG_RETURN_POINTER(state);
+	PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_string_agg_finalfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	state;
+
+	/* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
+	Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
+
+	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	if (state != NULL)
+	{
+		/* As per comment in transfn, strip data before the cursor position */
+		bytea	   *result;
+		int			strippedlen = state->len - state->cursor;
+
+		result = (bytea *) palloc(strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
+		SET_VARSIZE(result, strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
+		memcpy(VARDATA(result), &state->data[state->cursor], strippedlen);
+		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+	}
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaoctetlen
+ *
+ * get the number of bytes contained in an instance of type 'bytea'
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Datum		str = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+
+	/* We need not detoast the input at all */
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(str) - VARHDRSZ);
+}
+
+/*
+ * byteacat -
+ *	  takes two bytea* and returns a bytea* that is the concatenation of
+ *	  the two.
+ *
+ * Cloned from textcat and modified as required.
+ */
+Datum
+byteacat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_catenate(t1, t2));
+}
+
+/*
+ * byteaoverlay
+ *	Replace specified substring of first string with second
+ *
+ * The SQL standard defines OVERLAY() in terms of substring and concatenation.
+ * This code is a direct implementation of what the standard says.
+ */
+Datum
+byteaoverlay(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
+	int			sl = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);	/* substring length */
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteaoverlay_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
+	int			sl;
+
+	sl = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2); /* defaults to length(t2) */
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
+}
+
+/*
+ * bytea_substr()
+ * Return a substring starting at the specified position.
+ * Cloned from text_substr and modified as required.
+ *
+ * Input:
+ *	- string
+ *	- starting position (is one-based)
+ *	- string length (optional)
+ *
+ * If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
+ * adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
+ * If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown. If no third argument
+ * (length) is provided, the length to the end of the string is assumed.
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_substr(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
+									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
+									  PG_GETARG_INT32(2),
+									  false));
+}
+
+/*
+ * bytea_substr_no_len -
+ *	  Wrapper to avoid opr_sanity failure due to
+ *	  one function accepting a different number of args.
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_substr_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
+									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
+									  -1,
+									  true));
+}
+
+/*
+ * bit_count
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_bit_count(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT64(pg_popcount(VARDATA_ANY(t1), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * byteapos -
+ *	  Return the position of the specified substring.
+ *	  Implements the SQL POSITION() function.
+ * Cloned from textpos and modified as required.
+ */
+Datum
+byteapos(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			pos;
+	int			px,
+				p;
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	char	   *p1,
+			   *p2;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
+
+	if (len2 <= 0)
+		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);		/* result for empty pattern */
+
+	p1 = VARDATA_ANY(t1);
+	p2 = VARDATA_ANY(t2);
+
+	pos = 0;
+	px = (len1 - len2);
+	for (p = 0; p <= px; p++)
+	{
+		if ((*p2 == *p1) && (memcmp(p1, p2, len2) == 0))
+		{
+			pos = p + 1;
+			break;
+		};
+		p1++;
+	};
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(pos);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaGetByte
+ *
+ * this routine treats "bytea" as an array of bytes.
+ * It returns the Nth byte (a number between 0 and 255).
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaGetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	int			len;
+	int			byte;
+
+	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
+						n, len - 1)));
+
+	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[n];
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(byte);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaGetBit
+ *
+ * This routine treats a "bytea" type like an array of bits.
+ * It returns the value of the Nth bit (0 or 1).
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaGetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
+	int			byteNo,
+				bitNo;
+	int			len;
+	int			byte;
+
+	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
+						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
+
+	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
+	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
+	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
+
+	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[byteNo];
+
+	if (byte & (1 << bitNo))
+		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_INT32(0);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaSetByte
+ *
+ * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
+ * the Nth byte set to the given value.
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaSetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
+	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	int32		newByte = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	int			len;
+
+	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
+						n, len - 1)));
+
+	/*
+	 * Now set the byte.
+	 */
+	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[n] = newByte;
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaSetBit
+ *
+ * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
+ * the Nth bit set to the given value.
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaSetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
+	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
+	int32		newBit = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	int			len;
+	int			oldByte,
+				newByte;
+	int			byteNo,
+				bitNo;
+
+	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
+						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
+
+	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
+	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
+	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
+
+	/*
+	 * sanity check!
+	 */
+	if (newBit != 0 && newBit != 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("new bit must be 0 or 1")));
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the byte.
+	 */
+	oldByte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo];
+
+	if (newBit == 0)
+		newByte = oldByte & (~(1 << bitNo));
+	else
+		newByte = oldByte | (1 << bitNo);
+
+	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo] = newByte;
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return reversed bytea
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_reverse(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(v);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	const char *endp = p + len;
+	bytea	   *result = palloc(len + VARHDRSZ);
+	char	   *dst = (char *) VARDATA(result) + len;
+
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, len + VARHDRSZ);
+
+	while (p < endp)
+		*(--dst) = *p++;
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *	Comparison Functions used for bytea
+ *
+ * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
+ * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
+ * need to be so careful.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+Datum
+byteaeq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
+	bool		result;
+	Size		len1,
+				len2;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
+	 * having to detoast one or both values.
+	 */
+	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
+	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
+	if (len1 != len2)
+		result = false;
+	else
+	{
+		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
+		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
+
+		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
+						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) == 0);
+
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+byteane(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
+	bool		result;
+	Size		len1,
+				len2;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
+	 * having to detoast one or both values.
+	 */
+	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
+	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
+	if (len1 != len2)
+		result = true;
+	else
+	{
+		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
+		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
+
+		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
+						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) != 0);
+
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytealt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteale(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 <= len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteagt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteage(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 >= len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteacmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+	if ((cmp == 0) && (len1 != len2))
+		cmp = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(cmp);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+	result = ((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+	result = ((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+
+	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
+
+	/* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
+	varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BYTEAOID, C_COLLATION_OID);
+
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
+
+/* Cast bytea -> int2 */
+Datum
+bytea_int2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	uint16		result;
+
+	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
+	if (len > sizeof(result))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				errmsg("smallint out of range"));
+
+	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
+	result = 0;
+	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	{
+		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
+		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT16(result);
+}
+
+/* Cast bytea -> int4 */
+Datum
+bytea_int4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	uint32		result;
+
+	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
+	if (len > sizeof(result))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				errmsg("integer out of range"));
+
+	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
+	result = 0;
+	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	{
+		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
+		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
+}
+
+/* Cast bytea -> int8 */
+Datum
+bytea_int8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	uint64		result;
+
+	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
+	if (len > sizeof(result))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				errmsg("bigint out of range"));
+
+	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
+	result = 0;
+	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	{
+		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
+		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT64(result);
+}
+
+/* Cast int2 -> bytea; can just use int2send() */
+Datum
+int2_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	return int2send(fcinfo);
+}
+
+/* Cast int4 -> bytea; can just use int4send() */
+Datum
+int4_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	return int4send(fcinfo);
+}
+
+/* Cast int8 -> bytea; can just use int8send() */
+Datum
+int8_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	return int8send(fcinfo);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build b/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build
index f23cfad7182..bf94c50a8b3 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ backend_sources += files(
   'arrayutils.c',
   'ascii.c',
   'bool.c',
+  'bytea.c',
   'cash.c',
   'char.c',
   'cryptohashfuncs.c',
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c
index 3e4d5568bde..ffae8c23abf 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 #include "port/pg_bswap.h"
 #include "regex/regex.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
-#include "utils/bytea.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
@@ -43,10 +42,6 @@
 #include "utils/sortsupport.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
 
-
-/* GUC variable */
-int			bytea_output = BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX;
-
 typedef struct varlena VarString;
 
 /*
@@ -148,12 +143,6 @@ static int	text_position_get_match_pos(TextPositionState *state);
 static void text_position_cleanup(TextPositionState *state);
 static void check_collation_set(Oid collid);
 static int	text_cmp(text *arg1, text *arg2, Oid collid);
-static bytea *bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2);
-static bytea *bytea_substring(Datum str,
-							  int S,
-							  int L,
-							  bool length_not_specified);
-static bytea *bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl);
 static void appendStringInfoText(StringInfo str, const text *t);
 static bool split_text(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, SplitTextOutputData *tstate);
 static void split_text_accum_result(SplitTextOutputData *tstate,
@@ -279,307 +268,6 @@ text_to_cstring_buffer(const text *src, char *dst, size_t dst_len)
  *	 USER I/O ROUTINES														 *
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-
-#define VAL(CH)			((CH) - '0')
-#define DIG(VAL)		((VAL) + '0')
-
-/*
- *		byteain			- converts from printable representation of byte array
- *
- *		Non-printable characters must be passed as '\nnn' (octal) and are
- *		converted to internal form.  '\' must be passed as '\\'.
- *		ereport(ERROR, ...) if bad form.
- *
- *		BUGS:
- *				The input is scanned twice.
- *				The error checking of input is minimal.
- */
-Datum
-byteain(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	char	   *inputText = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
-	Node	   *escontext = fcinfo->context;
-	char	   *tp;
-	char	   *rp;
-	int			bc;
-	bytea	   *result;
-
-	/* Recognize hex input */
-	if (inputText[0] == '\\' && inputText[1] == 'x')
-	{
-		size_t		len = strlen(inputText);
-
-		bc = (len - 2) / 2 + VARHDRSZ;	/* maximum possible length */
-		result = palloc(bc);
-		bc = hex_decode_safe(inputText + 2, len - 2, VARDATA(result),
-							 escontext);
-		SET_VARSIZE(result, bc + VARHDRSZ); /* actual length */
-
-		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-	}
-
-	/* Else, it's the traditional escaped style */
-	for (bc = 0, tp = inputText; *tp != '\0'; bc++)
-	{
-		if (tp[0] != '\\')
-			tp++;
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
-				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
-				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
-			tp += 4;
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
-			tp += 2;
-		else
-		{
-			/*
-			 * one backslash, not followed by another or ### valid octal
-			 */
-			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
-		}
-	}
-
-	bc += VARHDRSZ;
-
-	result = (bytea *) palloc(bc);
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, bc);
-
-	tp = inputText;
-	rp = VARDATA(result);
-	while (*tp != '\0')
-	{
-		if (tp[0] != '\\')
-			*rp++ = *tp++;
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
-				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
-				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
-		{
-			bc = VAL(tp[1]);
-			bc <<= 3;
-			bc += VAL(tp[2]);
-			bc <<= 3;
-			*rp++ = bc + VAL(tp[3]);
-
-			tp += 4;
-		}
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
-		{
-			*rp++ = '\\';
-			tp += 2;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			/*
-			 * We should never get here. The first pass should not allow it.
-			 */
-			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
-		}
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-/*
- *		byteaout		- converts to printable representation of byte array
- *
- *		In the traditional escaped format, non-printable characters are
- *		printed as '\nnn' (octal) and '\' as '\\'.
- */
-Datum
-byteaout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	char	   *result;
-	char	   *rp;
-
-	if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX)
-	{
-		/* Print hex format */
-		rp = result = palloc(VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena) * 2 + 2 + 1);
-		*rp++ = '\\';
-		*rp++ = 'x';
-		rp += hex_encode(VARDATA_ANY(vlena), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena), rp);
-	}
-	else if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_ESCAPE)
-	{
-		/* Print traditional escaped format */
-		char	   *vp;
-		uint64		len;
-		int			i;
-
-		len = 1;				/* empty string has 1 char */
-		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
-		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
-		{
-			if (*vp == '\\')
-				len += 2;
-			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
-				len += 4;
-			else
-				len++;
-		}
-
-		/*
-		 * In principle len can't overflow uint32 if the input fit in 1GB, but
-		 * for safety let's check rather than relying on palloc's internal
-		 * check.
-		 */
-		if (len > MaxAllocSize)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-					 errmsg_internal("result of bytea output conversion is too large")));
-		rp = result = (char *) palloc(len);
-
-		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
-		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
-		{
-			if (*vp == '\\')
-			{
-				*rp++ = '\\';
-				*rp++ = '\\';
-			}
-			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
-			{
-				int			val;	/* holds unprintable chars */
-
-				val = *vp;
-				rp[0] = '\\';
-				rp[3] = DIG(val & 07);
-				val >>= 3;
-				rp[2] = DIG(val & 07);
-				val >>= 3;
-				rp[1] = DIG(val & 03);
-				rp += 4;
-			}
-			else
-				*rp++ = *vp;
-		}
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized \"bytea_output\" setting: %d",
-			 bytea_output);
-		rp = result = NULL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
-	}
-	*rp = '\0';
-	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
-}
-
-/*
- *		bytearecv			- converts external binary format to bytea
- */
-Datum
-bytearecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			nbytes;
-
-	nbytes = buf->len - buf->cursor;
-	result = (bytea *) palloc(nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
-	pq_copymsgbytes(buf, VARDATA(result), nbytes);
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-/*
- *		byteasend			- converts bytea to binary format
- *
- * This is a special case: just copy the input...
- */
-Datum
-byteasend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(vlena);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_string_agg_transfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	state;
-
-	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-
-	/* Append the value unless null, preceding it with the delimiter. */
-	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(1))
-	{
-		bytea	   *value = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-		bool		isfirst = false;
-
-		/*
-		 * You might think we can just throw away the first delimiter, however
-		 * we must keep it as we may be a parallel worker doing partial
-		 * aggregation building a state to send to the main process.  We need
-		 * to keep the delimiter of every aggregation so that the combine
-		 * function can properly join up the strings of two separately
-		 * partially aggregated results.  The first delimiter is only stripped
-		 * off in the final function.  To know how much to strip off the front
-		 * of the string, we store the length of the first delimiter in the
-		 * StringInfo's cursor field, which we don't otherwise need here.
-		 */
-		if (state == NULL)
-		{
-			state = makeStringAggState(fcinfo);
-			isfirst = true;
-		}
-
-		if (!PG_ARGISNULL(2))
-		{
-			bytea	   *delim = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(2);
-
-			appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(delim),
-								   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim));
-			if (isfirst)
-				state->cursor = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim);
-		}
-
-		appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(value),
-							   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(value));
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * The transition type for string_agg() is declared to be "internal",
-	 * which is a pass-by-value type the same size as a pointer.
-	 */
-	if (state)
-		PG_RETURN_POINTER(state);
-	PG_RETURN_NULL();
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_string_agg_finalfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	state;
-
-	/* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
-	Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
-
-	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-
-	if (state != NULL)
-	{
-		/* As per comment in transfn, strip data before the cursor position */
-		bytea	   *result;
-		int			strippedlen = state->len - state->cursor;
-
-		result = (bytea *) palloc(strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
-		SET_VARSIZE(result, strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
-		memcpy(VARDATA(result), &state->data[state->cursor], strippedlen);
-		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-	}
-	else
-		PG_RETURN_NULL();
-}
-
 /*
  *		textin			- converts cstring to internal representation
  */
@@ -2959,552 +2647,91 @@ bttext_pattern_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 }
 
 
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaoctetlen
- *
- * get the number of bytes contained in an instance of type 'bytea'
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
+/* text_name()
+ * Converts a text type to a Name type.
  */
 Datum
-byteaoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+text_name(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Datum		str = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+	text	   *s = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
+	Name		result;
+	int			len;
 
-	/* We need not detoast the input at all */
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(str) - VARHDRSZ);
+	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(s);
+
+	/* Truncate oversize input */
+	if (len >= NAMEDATALEN)
+		len = pg_mbcliplen(VARDATA_ANY(s), len, NAMEDATALEN - 1);
+
+	/* We use palloc0 here to ensure result is zero-padded */
+	result = (Name) palloc0(NAMEDATALEN);
+	memcpy(NameStr(*result), VARDATA_ANY(s), len);
+
+	PG_RETURN_NAME(result);
 }
 
-/*
- * byteacat -
- *	  takes two bytea* and returns a bytea* that is the concatenation of
- *	  the two.
- *
- * Cloned from textcat and modified as required.
+/* name_text()
+ * Converts a Name type to a text type.
  */
 Datum
-byteacat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+name_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	Name		s = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
 
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_catenate(t1, t2));
+	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(NameStr(*s)));
 }
 
+
 /*
- * bytea_catenate
- *	Guts of byteacat(), broken out so it can be used by other functions
+ * textToQualifiedNameList - convert a text object to list of names
  *
- * Arguments can be in short-header form, but not compressed or out-of-line
+ * This implements the input parsing needed by nextval() and other
+ * functions that take a text parameter representing a qualified name.
+ * We split the name at dots, downcase if not double-quoted, and
+ * truncate names if they're too long.
  */
-static bytea *
-bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2)
+List *
+textToQualifiedNameList(text *textval)
 {
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			len1,
-				len2,
-				len;
-	char	   *ptr;
+	char	   *rawname;
+	List	   *result = NIL;
+	List	   *namelist;
+	ListCell   *l;
 
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
+	/* Convert to C string (handles possible detoasting). */
+	/* Note we rely on being able to modify rawname below. */
+	rawname = text_to_cstring(textval);
 
-	/* paranoia ... probably should throw error instead? */
-	if (len1 < 0)
-		len1 = 0;
-	if (len2 < 0)
-		len2 = 0;
+	if (!SplitIdentifierString(rawname, '.', &namelist))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
+				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
 
-	len = len1 + len2 + VARHDRSZ;
-	result = (bytea *) palloc(len);
+	if (namelist == NIL)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
+				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
 
-	/* Set size of result string... */
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, len);
+	foreach(l, namelist)
+	{
+		char	   *curname = (char *) lfirst(l);
 
-	/* Fill data field of result string... */
-	ptr = VARDATA(result);
-	if (len1 > 0)
-		memcpy(ptr, VARDATA_ANY(t1), len1);
-	if (len2 > 0)
-		memcpy(ptr + len1, VARDATA_ANY(t2), len2);
+		result = lappend(result, makeString(pstrdup(curname)));
+	}
+
+	pfree(rawname);
+	list_free(namelist);
 
 	return result;
 }
 
-#define PG_STR_GET_BYTEA(str_) \
-	DatumGetByteaPP(DirectFunctionCall1(byteain, CStringGetDatum(str_)))
-
 /*
- * bytea_substr()
- * Return a substring starting at the specified position.
- * Cloned from text_substr and modified as required.
+ * SplitIdentifierString --- parse a string containing identifiers
  *
- * Input:
- *	- string
- *	- starting position (is one-based)
- *	- string length (optional)
- *
- * If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
- * adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
- * If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown. If no third argument
- * (length) is provided, the length to the end of the string is assumed.
- */
-Datum
-bytea_substr(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
-									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
-									  PG_GETARG_INT32(2),
-									  false));
-}
-
-/*
- * bytea_substr_no_len -
- *	  Wrapper to avoid opr_sanity failure due to
- *	  one function accepting a different number of args.
- */
-Datum
-bytea_substr_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
-									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
-									  -1,
-									  true));
-}
-
-static bytea *
-bytea_substring(Datum str,
-				int S,
-				int L,
-				bool length_not_specified)
-{
-	int32		S1;				/* adjusted start position */
-	int32		L1;				/* adjusted substring length */
-	int32		E;				/* end position */
-
-	/*
-	 * The logic here should generally match text_substring().
-	 */
-	S1 = Max(S, 1);
-
-	if (length_not_specified)
-	{
-		/*
-		 * Not passed a length - DatumGetByteaPSlice() grabs everything to the
-		 * end of the string if we pass it a negative value for length.
-		 */
-		L1 = -1;
-	}
-	else if (L < 0)
-	{
-		/* SQL99 says to throw an error for E < S, i.e., negative length */
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
-		L1 = -1;				/* silence stupider compilers */
-	}
-	else if (pg_add_s32_overflow(S, L, &E))
-	{
-		/*
-		 * L could be large enough for S + L to overflow, in which case the
-		 * substring must run to end of string.
-		 */
-		L1 = -1;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/*
-		 * A zero or negative value for the end position can happen if the
-		 * start was negative or one. SQL99 says to return a zero-length
-		 * string.
-		 */
-		if (E < 1)
-			return PG_STR_GET_BYTEA("");
-
-		L1 = E - S1;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * If the start position is past the end of the string, SQL99 says to
-	 * return a zero-length string -- DatumGetByteaPSlice() will do that for
-	 * us.  We need only convert S1 to zero-based starting position.
-	 */
-	return DatumGetByteaPSlice(str, S1 - 1, L1);
-}
-
-/*
- * byteaoverlay
- *	Replace specified substring of first string with second
- *
- * The SQL standard defines OVERLAY() in terms of substring and concatenation.
- * This code is a direct implementation of what the standard says.
- */
-Datum
-byteaoverlay(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
-	int			sl = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);	/* substring length */
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteaoverlay_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
-	int			sl;
-
-	sl = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2); /* defaults to length(t2) */
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
-}
-
-static bytea *
-bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl)
-{
-	bytea	   *result;
-	bytea	   *s1;
-	bytea	   *s2;
-	int			sp_pl_sl;
-
-	/*
-	 * Check for possible integer-overflow cases.  For negative sp, throw a
-	 * "substring length" error because that's what should be expected
-	 * according to the spec's definition of OVERLAY().
-	 */
-	if (sp <= 0)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
-	if (pg_add_s32_overflow(sp, sl, &sp_pl_sl))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				 errmsg("integer out of range")));
-
-	s1 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), 1, sp - 1, false);
-	s2 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), sp_pl_sl, -1, true);
-	result = bytea_catenate(s1, t2);
-	result = bytea_catenate(result, s2);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * bit_count
- */
-Datum
-bytea_bit_count(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT64(pg_popcount(VARDATA_ANY(t1), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1)));
-}
-
-/*
- * byteapos -
- *	  Return the position of the specified substring.
- *	  Implements the SQL POSITION() function.
- * Cloned from textpos and modified as required.
- */
-Datum
-byteapos(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			pos;
-	int			px,
-				p;
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	char	   *p1,
-			   *p2;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
-
-	if (len2 <= 0)
-		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);		/* result for empty pattern */
-
-	p1 = VARDATA_ANY(t1);
-	p2 = VARDATA_ANY(t2);
-
-	pos = 0;
-	px = (len1 - len2);
-	for (p = 0; p <= px; p++)
-	{
-		if ((*p2 == *p1) && (memcmp(p1, p2, len2) == 0))
-		{
-			pos = p + 1;
-			break;
-		};
-		p1++;
-	};
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(pos);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaGetByte
- *
- * this routine treats "bytea" as an array of bytes.
- * It returns the Nth byte (a number between 0 and 255).
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaGetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	int			len;
-	int			byte;
-
-	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
-						n, len - 1)));
-
-	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[n];
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(byte);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaGetBit
- *
- * This routine treats a "bytea" type like an array of bits.
- * It returns the value of the Nth bit (0 or 1).
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaGetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
-	int			byteNo,
-				bitNo;
-	int			len;
-	int			byte;
-
-	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
-						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
-
-	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
-	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
-	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
-
-	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[byteNo];
-
-	if (byte & (1 << bitNo))
-		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);
-	else
-		PG_RETURN_INT32(0);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaSetByte
- *
- * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
- * the Nth byte set to the given value.
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaSetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
-	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	int32		newByte = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	int			len;
-
-	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
-						n, len - 1)));
-
-	/*
-	 * Now set the byte.
-	 */
-	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[n] = newByte;
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaSetBit
- *
- * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
- * the Nth bit set to the given value.
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaSetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
-	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
-	int32		newBit = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	int			len;
-	int			oldByte,
-				newByte;
-	int			byteNo,
-				bitNo;
-
-	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
-						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
-
-	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
-	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
-	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
-
-	/*
-	 * sanity check!
-	 */
-	if (newBit != 0 && newBit != 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("new bit must be 0 or 1")));
-
-	/*
-	 * Update the byte.
-	 */
-	oldByte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo];
-
-	if (newBit == 0)
-		newByte = oldByte & (~(1 << bitNo));
-	else
-		newByte = oldByte | (1 << bitNo);
-
-	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo] = newByte;
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return reversed bytea
- */
-Datum
-bytea_reverse(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(v);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	const char *endp = p + len;
-	bytea	   *result = palloc(len + VARHDRSZ);
-	char	   *dst = (char *) VARDATA(result) + len;
-
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, len + VARHDRSZ);
-
-	while (p < endp)
-		*(--dst) = *p++;
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-
-/* text_name()
- * Converts a text type to a Name type.
- */
-Datum
-text_name(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	text	   *s = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
-	Name		result;
-	int			len;
-
-	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(s);
-
-	/* Truncate oversize input */
-	if (len >= NAMEDATALEN)
-		len = pg_mbcliplen(VARDATA_ANY(s), len, NAMEDATALEN - 1);
-
-	/* We use palloc0 here to ensure result is zero-padded */
-	result = (Name) palloc0(NAMEDATALEN);
-	memcpy(NameStr(*result), VARDATA_ANY(s), len);
-
-	PG_RETURN_NAME(result);
-}
-
-/* name_text()
- * Converts a Name type to a text type.
- */
-Datum
-name_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Name		s = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
-
-	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(NameStr(*s)));
-}
-
-
-/*
- * textToQualifiedNameList - convert a text object to list of names
- *
- * This implements the input parsing needed by nextval() and other
- * functions that take a text parameter representing a qualified name.
- * We split the name at dots, downcase if not double-quoted, and
- * truncate names if they're too long.
- */
-List *
-textToQualifiedNameList(text *textval)
-{
-	char	   *rawname;
-	List	   *result = NIL;
-	List	   *namelist;
-	ListCell   *l;
-
-	/* Convert to C string (handles possible detoasting). */
-	/* Note we rely on being able to modify rawname below. */
-	rawname = text_to_cstring(textval);
-
-	if (!SplitIdentifierString(rawname, '.', &namelist))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
-				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
-
-	if (namelist == NIL)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
-				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
-
-	foreach(l, namelist)
-	{
-		char	   *curname = (char *) lfirst(l);
-
-		result = lappend(result, makeString(pstrdup(curname)));
-	}
-
-	pfree(rawname);
-	list_free(namelist);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * SplitIdentifierString --- parse a string containing identifiers
- *
- * This is the guts of textToQualifiedNameList, and is exported for use in
- * other situations such as parsing GUC variables.  In the GUC case, it's
- * important to avoid memory leaks, so the API is designed to minimize the
- * amount of stuff that needs to be allocated and freed.
+ * This is the guts of textToQualifiedNameList, and is exported for use in
+ * other situations such as parsing GUC variables.  In the GUC case, it's
+ * important to avoid memory leaks, so the API is designed to minimize the
+ * amount of stuff that needs to be allocated and freed.
  *
  * Inputs:
  *	rawstring: the input string; must be overwritable!	On return, it's
@@ -3849,331 +3076,6 @@ SplitGUCList(char *rawstring, char separator,
 	return true;
 }
 
-
-/*****************************************************************************
- *	Comparison Functions used for bytea
- *
- * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
- * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
- * need to be so careful.
- *****************************************************************************/
-
-Datum
-byteaeq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
-	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
-	bool		result;
-	Size		len1,
-				len2;
-
-	/*
-	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
-	 * having to detoast one or both values.
-	 */
-	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
-	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
-	if (len1 != len2)
-		result = false;
-	else
-	{
-		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
-		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
-
-		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
-						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) == 0);
-
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-byteane(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
-	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
-	bool		result;
-	Size		len1,
-				len2;
-
-	/*
-	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
-	 * having to detoast one or both values.
-	 */
-	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
-	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
-	if (len1 != len2)
-		result = true;
-	else
-	{
-		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
-		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
-
-		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
-						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) != 0);
-
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytealt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteale(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 <= len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteagt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteage(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 >= len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteacmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-	if ((cmp == 0) && (len1 != len2))
-		cmp = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(cmp);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-	result = ((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-	result = ((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-	MemoryContext oldcontext;
-
-	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
-
-	/* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
-	varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BYTEAOID, C_COLLATION_OID);
-
-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
-
-	PG_RETURN_VOID();
-}
-
-/* Cast bytea -> int2 */
-Datum
-bytea_int2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	uint16		result;
-
-	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
-	if (len > sizeof(result))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				errmsg("smallint out of range"));
-
-	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
-	result = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-	{
-		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
-		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT16(result);
-}
-
-/* Cast bytea -> int4 */
-Datum
-bytea_int4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	uint32		result;
-
-	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
-	if (len > sizeof(result))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				errmsg("integer out of range"));
-
-	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
-	result = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-	{
-		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
-		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
-}
-
-/* Cast bytea -> int8 */
-Datum
-bytea_int8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	uint64		result;
-
-	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
-	if (len > sizeof(result))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				errmsg("bigint out of range"));
-
-	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
-	result = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-	{
-		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
-		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT64(result);
-}
-
-/* Cast int2 -> bytea; can just use int2send() */
-Datum
-int2_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	return int2send(fcinfo);
-}
-
-/* Cast int4 -> bytea; can just use int4send() */
-Datum
-int4_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	return int4send(fcinfo);
-}
-
-/* Cast int8 -> bytea; can just use int8send() */
-Datum
-int8_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	return int8send(fcinfo);
-}
-
 /*
  * appendStringInfoText
  *
-- 
2.49.0

From 87155a53dd0fb6b8432c0552ff51139bcf44359f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aleksander Alekseev <aleksander@timescale.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2025 13:01:31 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v3] Split varlena.c into varlena.c and bytea.c

Move most of the code dealing with bytea into a separate file.

Aleksander Alekseev, reviewed by Peter Eisentraut
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAJ7c6TMPVPJ5DL447zDz5ydctB8OmuviURtSwd=PHCRFEPDEAQ@mail.gmail.com
---
 src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile    |    1 +
 src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c     | 1141 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build |    1 +
 src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c   | 1214 ++---------------------------
 4 files changed, 1201 insertions(+), 1156 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c

diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile b/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile
index 4a233b63c32..ffeacf2b819 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/Makefile
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ OBJS = \
 	arrayutils.o \
 	ascii.o \
 	bool.o \
+	bytea.o \
 	cash.o \
 	char.o \
 	cryptohashfuncs.o \
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..80587001d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1141 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * bytea.c
+ *	  Functions for the bytea type.
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ *
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *	  src/backend/utils/adt/bytea.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include "access/detoast.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
+#include "common/int.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/bytea.h"
+#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/sortsupport.h"
+#include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "varatt.h"
+
+/* GUC variable */
+int			bytea_output = BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX;
+
+static bytea *bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2);
+static bytea *bytea_substring(Datum str, int S, int L, bool length_not_specified);
+static bytea *bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl);
+
+/*
+ * bytea_catenate
+ *	Guts of byteacat(), broken out so it can be used by other functions
+ *
+ * Arguments can be in short-header form, but not compressed or out-of-line
+ */
+static bytea *
+bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2)
+{
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			len1,
+				len2,
+				len;
+	char	   *ptr;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
+
+	/* paranoia ... probably should throw error instead? */
+	if (len1 < 0)
+		len1 = 0;
+	if (len2 < 0)
+		len2 = 0;
+
+	len = len1 + len2 + VARHDRSZ;
+	result = (bytea *) palloc(len);
+
+	/* Set size of result string... */
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, len);
+
+	/* Fill data field of result string... */
+	ptr = VARDATA(result);
+	if (len1 > 0)
+		memcpy(ptr, VARDATA_ANY(t1), len1);
+	if (len2 > 0)
+		memcpy(ptr + len1, VARDATA_ANY(t2), len2);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+#define PG_STR_GET_BYTEA(str_) \
+	DatumGetByteaPP(DirectFunctionCall1(byteain, CStringGetDatum(str_)))
+
+static bytea *
+bytea_substring(Datum str,
+				int S,
+				int L,
+				bool length_not_specified)
+{
+	int32		S1;				/* adjusted start position */
+	int32		L1;				/* adjusted substring length */
+	int32		E;				/* end position */
+
+	/*
+	 * The logic here should generally match text_substring().
+	 */
+	S1 = Max(S, 1);
+
+	if (length_not_specified)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Not passed a length - DatumGetByteaPSlice() grabs everything to the
+		 * end of the string if we pass it a negative value for length.
+		 */
+		L1 = -1;
+	}
+	else if (L < 0)
+	{
+		/* SQL99 says to throw an error for E < S, i.e., negative length */
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
+		L1 = -1;				/* silence stupider compilers */
+	}
+	else if (pg_add_s32_overflow(S, L, &E))
+	{
+		/*
+		 * L could be large enough for S + L to overflow, in which case the
+		 * substring must run to end of string.
+		 */
+		L1 = -1;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/*
+		 * A zero or negative value for the end position can happen if the
+		 * start was negative or one. SQL99 says to return a zero-length
+		 * string.
+		 */
+		if (E < 1)
+			return PG_STR_GET_BYTEA("");
+
+		L1 = E - S1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If the start position is past the end of the string, SQL99 says to
+	 * return a zero-length string -- DatumGetByteaPSlice() will do that for
+	 * us.  We need only convert S1 to zero-based starting position.
+	 */
+	return DatumGetByteaPSlice(str, S1 - 1, L1);
+}
+
+static bytea *
+bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl)
+{
+	bytea	   *result;
+	bytea	   *s1;
+	bytea	   *s2;
+	int			sp_pl_sl;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for possible integer-overflow cases.  For negative sp, throw a
+	 * "substring length" error because that's what should be expected
+	 * according to the spec's definition of OVERLAY().
+	 */
+	if (sp <= 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
+	if (pg_add_s32_overflow(sp, sl, &sp_pl_sl))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				 errmsg("integer out of range")));
+
+	s1 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), 1, sp - 1, false);
+	s2 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), sp_pl_sl, -1, true);
+	result = bytea_catenate(s1, t2);
+	result = bytea_catenate(result, s2);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *	 USER I/O ROUTINES														 *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+#define VAL(CH)			((CH) - '0')
+#define DIG(VAL)		((VAL) + '0')
+
+/*
+ *		byteain			- converts from printable representation of byte array
+ *
+ *		Non-printable characters must be passed as '\nnn' (octal) and are
+ *		converted to internal form.  '\' must be passed as '\\'.
+ *		ereport(ERROR, ...) if bad form.
+ *
+ *		BUGS:
+ *				The input is scanned twice.
+ *				The error checking of input is minimal.
+ */
+Datum
+byteain(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *inputText = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	Node	   *escontext = fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *tp;
+	char	   *rp;
+	int			bc;
+	bytea	   *result;
+
+	/* Recognize hex input */
+	if (inputText[0] == '\\' && inputText[1] == 'x')
+	{
+		size_t		len = strlen(inputText);
+
+		bc = (len - 2) / 2 + VARHDRSZ;	/* maximum possible length */
+		result = palloc(bc);
+		bc = hex_decode_safe(inputText + 2, len - 2, VARDATA(result),
+							 escontext);
+		SET_VARSIZE(result, bc + VARHDRSZ); /* actual length */
+
+		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+	}
+
+	/* Else, it's the traditional escaped style */
+	for (bc = 0, tp = inputText; *tp != '\0'; bc++)
+	{
+		if (tp[0] != '\\')
+			tp++;
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
+				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
+				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
+			tp += 4;
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
+			tp += 2;
+		else
+		{
+			/*
+			 * one backslash, not followed by another or ### valid octal
+			 */
+			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
+		}
+	}
+
+	bc += VARHDRSZ;
+
+	result = (bytea *) palloc(bc);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, bc);
+
+	tp = inputText;
+	rp = VARDATA(result);
+	while (*tp != '\0')
+	{
+		if (tp[0] != '\\')
+			*rp++ = *tp++;
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
+				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
+				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
+		{
+			bc = VAL(tp[1]);
+			bc <<= 3;
+			bc += VAL(tp[2]);
+			bc <<= 3;
+			*rp++ = bc + VAL(tp[3]);
+
+			tp += 4;
+		}
+		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
+				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
+		{
+			*rp++ = '\\';
+			tp += 2;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/*
+			 * We should never get here. The first pass should not allow it.
+			 */
+			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
+		}
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		byteaout		- converts to printable representation of byte array
+ *
+ *		In the traditional escaped format, non-printable characters are
+ *		printed as '\nnn' (octal) and '\' as '\\'.
+ */
+Datum
+byteaout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	char	   *result;
+	char	   *rp;
+
+	if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX)
+	{
+		/* Print hex format */
+		rp = result = palloc(VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena) * 2 + 2 + 1);
+		*rp++ = '\\';
+		*rp++ = 'x';
+		rp += hex_encode(VARDATA_ANY(vlena), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena), rp);
+	}
+	else if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_ESCAPE)
+	{
+		/* Print traditional escaped format */
+		char	   *vp;
+		uint64		len;
+		int			i;
+
+		len = 1;				/* empty string has 1 char */
+		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
+		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
+		{
+			if (*vp == '\\')
+				len += 2;
+			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
+				len += 4;
+			else
+				len++;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * In principle len can't overflow uint32 if the input fit in 1GB, but
+		 * for safety let's check rather than relying on palloc's internal
+		 * check.
+		 */
+		if (len > MaxAllocSize)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg_internal("result of bytea output conversion is too large")));
+		rp = result = (char *) palloc(len);
+
+		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
+		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
+		{
+			if (*vp == '\\')
+			{
+				*rp++ = '\\';
+				*rp++ = '\\';
+			}
+			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
+			{
+				int			val;	/* holds unprintable chars */
+
+				val = *vp;
+				rp[0] = '\\';
+				rp[3] = DIG(val & 07);
+				val >>= 3;
+				rp[2] = DIG(val & 07);
+				val >>= 3;
+				rp[1] = DIG(val & 03);
+				rp += 4;
+			}
+			else
+				*rp++ = *vp;
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized \"bytea_output\" setting: %d",
+			 bytea_output);
+		rp = result = NULL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
+	}
+	*rp = '\0';
+	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		bytearecv			- converts external binary format to bytea
+ */
+Datum
+bytearecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			nbytes;
+
+	nbytes = buf->len - buf->cursor;
+	result = (bytea *) palloc(nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
+	pq_copymsgbytes(buf, VARDATA(result), nbytes);
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		byteasend			- converts bytea to binary format
+ *
+ * This is a special case: just copy the input...
+ */
+Datum
+byteasend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(vlena);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_string_agg_transfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	state;
+
+	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	/* Append the value unless null, preceding it with the delimiter. */
+	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(1))
+	{
+		bytea	   *value = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+		bool		isfirst = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * You might think we can just throw away the first delimiter, however
+		 * we must keep it as we may be a parallel worker doing partial
+		 * aggregation building a state to send to the main process.  We need
+		 * to keep the delimiter of every aggregation so that the combine
+		 * function can properly join up the strings of two separately
+		 * partially aggregated results.  The first delimiter is only stripped
+		 * off in the final function.  To know how much to strip off the front
+		 * of the string, we store the length of the first delimiter in the
+		 * StringInfo's cursor field, which we don't otherwise need here.
+		 */
+		if (state == NULL)
+		{
+			MemoryContext aggcontext;
+			MemoryContext oldcontext;
+
+			if (!AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, &aggcontext))
+			{
+				/* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
+				elog(ERROR, "bytea_string_agg_transfn called in non-aggregate context");
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * Create state in aggregate context.  It'll stay there across
+			 * subsequent calls.
+			 */
+			oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(aggcontext);
+			state = makeStringInfo();
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
+
+			isfirst = true;
+		}
+
+		if (!PG_ARGISNULL(2))
+		{
+			bytea	   *delim = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(2);
+
+			appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(delim),
+								   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim));
+			if (isfirst)
+				state->cursor = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim);
+		}
+
+		appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(value),
+							   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(value));
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The transition type for string_agg() is declared to be "internal",
+	 * which is a pass-by-value type the same size as a pointer.
+	 */
+	if (state)
+		PG_RETURN_POINTER(state);
+	PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_string_agg_finalfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	state;
+
+	/* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
+	Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
+
+	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	if (state != NULL)
+	{
+		/* As per comment in transfn, strip data before the cursor position */
+		bytea	   *result;
+		int			strippedlen = state->len - state->cursor;
+
+		result = (bytea *) palloc(strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
+		SET_VARSIZE(result, strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
+		memcpy(VARDATA(result), &state->data[state->cursor], strippedlen);
+		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+	}
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaoctetlen
+ *
+ * get the number of bytes contained in an instance of type 'bytea'
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Datum		str = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+
+	/* We need not detoast the input at all */
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(str) - VARHDRSZ);
+}
+
+/*
+ * byteacat -
+ *	  takes two bytea* and returns a bytea* that is the concatenation of
+ *	  the two.
+ *
+ * Cloned from textcat and modified as required.
+ */
+Datum
+byteacat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_catenate(t1, t2));
+}
+
+/*
+ * byteaoverlay
+ *	Replace specified substring of first string with second
+ *
+ * The SQL standard defines OVERLAY() in terms of substring and concatenation.
+ * This code is a direct implementation of what the standard says.
+ */
+Datum
+byteaoverlay(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
+	int			sl = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);	/* substring length */
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteaoverlay_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
+	int			sl;
+
+	sl = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2); /* defaults to length(t2) */
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
+}
+
+/*
+ * bytea_substr()
+ * Return a substring starting at the specified position.
+ * Cloned from text_substr and modified as required.
+ *
+ * Input:
+ *	- string
+ *	- starting position (is one-based)
+ *	- string length (optional)
+ *
+ * If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
+ * adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
+ * If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown. If no third argument
+ * (length) is provided, the length to the end of the string is assumed.
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_substr(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
+									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
+									  PG_GETARG_INT32(2),
+									  false));
+}
+
+/*
+ * bytea_substr_no_len -
+ *	  Wrapper to avoid opr_sanity failure due to
+ *	  one function accepting a different number of args.
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_substr_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
+									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
+									  -1,
+									  true));
+}
+
+/*
+ * bit_count
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_bit_count(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT64(pg_popcount(VARDATA_ANY(t1), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * byteapos -
+ *	  Return the position of the specified substring.
+ *	  Implements the SQL POSITION() function.
+ * Cloned from textpos and modified as required.
+ */
+Datum
+byteapos(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			pos;
+	int			px,
+				p;
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	char	   *p1,
+			   *p2;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
+
+	if (len2 <= 0)
+		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);		/* result for empty pattern */
+
+	p1 = VARDATA_ANY(t1);
+	p2 = VARDATA_ANY(t2);
+
+	pos = 0;
+	px = (len1 - len2);
+	for (p = 0; p <= px; p++)
+	{
+		if ((*p2 == *p1) && (memcmp(p1, p2, len2) == 0))
+		{
+			pos = p + 1;
+			break;
+		};
+		p1++;
+	};
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(pos);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaGetByte
+ *
+ * this routine treats "bytea" as an array of bytes.
+ * It returns the Nth byte (a number between 0 and 255).
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaGetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	int			len;
+	int			byte;
+
+	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
+						n, len - 1)));
+
+	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[n];
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(byte);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaGetBit
+ *
+ * This routine treats a "bytea" type like an array of bits.
+ * It returns the value of the Nth bit (0 or 1).
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaGetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
+	int			byteNo,
+				bitNo;
+	int			len;
+	int			byte;
+
+	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
+						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
+
+	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
+	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
+	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
+
+	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[byteNo];
+
+	if (byte & (1 << bitNo))
+		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_INT32(0);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaSetByte
+ *
+ * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
+ * the Nth byte set to the given value.
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaSetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
+	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	int32		newByte = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	int			len;
+
+	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
+						n, len - 1)));
+
+	/*
+	 * Now set the byte.
+	 */
+	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[n] = newByte;
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
+}
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------
+ * byteaSetBit
+ *
+ * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
+ * the Nth bit set to the given value.
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+Datum
+byteaSetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
+	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
+	int32		newBit = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	int			len;
+	int			oldByte,
+				newByte;
+	int			byteNo,
+				bitNo;
+
+	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
+
+	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
+						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
+
+	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
+	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
+	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
+
+	/*
+	 * sanity check!
+	 */
+	if (newBit != 0 && newBit != 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("new bit must be 0 or 1")));
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the byte.
+	 */
+	oldByte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo];
+
+	if (newBit == 0)
+		newByte = oldByte & (~(1 << bitNo));
+	else
+		newByte = oldByte | (1 << bitNo);
+
+	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo] = newByte;
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return reversed bytea
+ */
+Datum
+bytea_reverse(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(v);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	const char *endp = p + len;
+	bytea	   *result = palloc(len + VARHDRSZ);
+	char	   *dst = (char *) VARDATA(result) + len;
+
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, len + VARHDRSZ);
+
+	while (p < endp)
+		*(--dst) = *p++;
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *	Comparison Functions used for bytea
+ *
+ * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
+ * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
+ * need to be so careful.
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+Datum
+byteaeq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
+	bool		result;
+	Size		len1,
+				len2;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
+	 * having to detoast one or both values.
+	 */
+	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
+	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
+	if (len1 != len2)
+		result = false;
+	else
+	{
+		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
+		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
+
+		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
+						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) == 0);
+
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+byteane(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
+	bool		result;
+	Size		len1,
+				len2;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
+	 * having to detoast one or both values.
+	 */
+	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
+	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
+	if (len1 != len2)
+		result = true;
+	else
+	{
+		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
+		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
+
+		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
+						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) != 0);
+
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytealt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteale(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 <= len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteagt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteage(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 >= len2)));
+}
+
+Datum
+byteacmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+	if ((cmp == 0) && (len1 != len2))
+		cmp = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(cmp);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+	result = ((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	bytea	   *result;
+	int			len1,
+				len2;
+	int			cmp;
+
+	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
+	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
+
+	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
+	result = ((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+bytea_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+
+	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
+
+	/* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
+	varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BYTEAOID, C_COLLATION_OID);
+
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
+
+/* Cast bytea -> int2 */
+Datum
+bytea_int2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	uint16		result;
+
+	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
+	if (len > sizeof(result))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				errmsg("smallint out of range"));
+
+	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
+	result = 0;
+	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	{
+		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
+		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT16(result);
+}
+
+/* Cast bytea -> int4 */
+Datum
+bytea_int4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	uint32		result;
+
+	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
+	if (len > sizeof(result))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				errmsg("integer out of range"));
+
+	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
+	result = 0;
+	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	{
+		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
+		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
+}
+
+/* Cast bytea -> int8 */
+Datum
+bytea_int8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
+	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
+	uint64		result;
+
+	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
+	if (len > sizeof(result))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				errmsg("bigint out of range"));
+
+	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
+	result = 0;
+	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	{
+		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
+		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT64(result);
+}
+
+/* Cast int2 -> bytea; can just use int2send() */
+Datum
+int2_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	return int2send(fcinfo);
+}
+
+/* Cast int4 -> bytea; can just use int4send() */
+Datum
+int4_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	return int4send(fcinfo);
+}
+
+/* Cast int8 -> bytea; can just use int8send() */
+Datum
+int8_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	return int8send(fcinfo);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build b/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build
index 244f48f4fd7..ed9bbd7b926 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/meson.build
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ backend_sources += files(
   'arrayutils.c',
   'ascii.c',
   'bool.c',
+  'bytea.c',
   'cash.c',
   'char.c',
   'cryptohashfuncs.c',
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c
index 3e4d5568bde..ffae8c23abf 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 #include "port/pg_bswap.h"
 #include "regex/regex.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
-#include "utils/bytea.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
@@ -43,10 +42,6 @@
 #include "utils/sortsupport.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
 
-
-/* GUC variable */
-int			bytea_output = BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX;
-
 typedef struct varlena VarString;
 
 /*
@@ -148,12 +143,6 @@ static int	text_position_get_match_pos(TextPositionState *state);
 static void text_position_cleanup(TextPositionState *state);
 static void check_collation_set(Oid collid);
 static int	text_cmp(text *arg1, text *arg2, Oid collid);
-static bytea *bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2);
-static bytea *bytea_substring(Datum str,
-							  int S,
-							  int L,
-							  bool length_not_specified);
-static bytea *bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl);
 static void appendStringInfoText(StringInfo str, const text *t);
 static bool split_text(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, SplitTextOutputData *tstate);
 static void split_text_accum_result(SplitTextOutputData *tstate,
@@ -279,307 +268,6 @@ text_to_cstring_buffer(const text *src, char *dst, size_t dst_len)
  *	 USER I/O ROUTINES														 *
  *****************************************************************************/
 
-
-#define VAL(CH)			((CH) - '0')
-#define DIG(VAL)		((VAL) + '0')
-
-/*
- *		byteain			- converts from printable representation of byte array
- *
- *		Non-printable characters must be passed as '\nnn' (octal) and are
- *		converted to internal form.  '\' must be passed as '\\'.
- *		ereport(ERROR, ...) if bad form.
- *
- *		BUGS:
- *				The input is scanned twice.
- *				The error checking of input is minimal.
- */
-Datum
-byteain(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	char	   *inputText = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
-	Node	   *escontext = fcinfo->context;
-	char	   *tp;
-	char	   *rp;
-	int			bc;
-	bytea	   *result;
-
-	/* Recognize hex input */
-	if (inputText[0] == '\\' && inputText[1] == 'x')
-	{
-		size_t		len = strlen(inputText);
-
-		bc = (len - 2) / 2 + VARHDRSZ;	/* maximum possible length */
-		result = palloc(bc);
-		bc = hex_decode_safe(inputText + 2, len - 2, VARDATA(result),
-							 escontext);
-		SET_VARSIZE(result, bc + VARHDRSZ); /* actual length */
-
-		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-	}
-
-	/* Else, it's the traditional escaped style */
-	for (bc = 0, tp = inputText; *tp != '\0'; bc++)
-	{
-		if (tp[0] != '\\')
-			tp++;
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
-				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
-				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
-			tp += 4;
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
-			tp += 2;
-		else
-		{
-			/*
-			 * one backslash, not followed by another or ### valid octal
-			 */
-			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
-		}
-	}
-
-	bc += VARHDRSZ;
-
-	result = (bytea *) palloc(bc);
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, bc);
-
-	tp = inputText;
-	rp = VARDATA(result);
-	while (*tp != '\0')
-	{
-		if (tp[0] != '\\')
-			*rp++ = *tp++;
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
-				 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
-				 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
-		{
-			bc = VAL(tp[1]);
-			bc <<= 3;
-			bc += VAL(tp[2]);
-			bc <<= 3;
-			*rp++ = bc + VAL(tp[3]);
-
-			tp += 4;
-		}
-		else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
-				 (tp[1] == '\\'))
-		{
-			*rp++ = '\\';
-			tp += 2;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			/*
-			 * We should never get here. The first pass should not allow it.
-			 */
-			ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
-		}
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-/*
- *		byteaout		- converts to printable representation of byte array
- *
- *		In the traditional escaped format, non-printable characters are
- *		printed as '\nnn' (octal) and '\' as '\\'.
- */
-Datum
-byteaout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	char	   *result;
-	char	   *rp;
-
-	if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX)
-	{
-		/* Print hex format */
-		rp = result = palloc(VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena) * 2 + 2 + 1);
-		*rp++ = '\\';
-		*rp++ = 'x';
-		rp += hex_encode(VARDATA_ANY(vlena), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena), rp);
-	}
-	else if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_ESCAPE)
-	{
-		/* Print traditional escaped format */
-		char	   *vp;
-		uint64		len;
-		int			i;
-
-		len = 1;				/* empty string has 1 char */
-		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
-		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
-		{
-			if (*vp == '\\')
-				len += 2;
-			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
-				len += 4;
-			else
-				len++;
-		}
-
-		/*
-		 * In principle len can't overflow uint32 if the input fit in 1GB, but
-		 * for safety let's check rather than relying on palloc's internal
-		 * check.
-		 */
-		if (len > MaxAllocSize)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-					 errmsg_internal("result of bytea output conversion is too large")));
-		rp = result = (char *) palloc(len);
-
-		vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
-		for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
-		{
-			if (*vp == '\\')
-			{
-				*rp++ = '\\';
-				*rp++ = '\\';
-			}
-			else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
-			{
-				int			val;	/* holds unprintable chars */
-
-				val = *vp;
-				rp[0] = '\\';
-				rp[3] = DIG(val & 07);
-				val >>= 3;
-				rp[2] = DIG(val & 07);
-				val >>= 3;
-				rp[1] = DIG(val & 03);
-				rp += 4;
-			}
-			else
-				*rp++ = *vp;
-		}
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized \"bytea_output\" setting: %d",
-			 bytea_output);
-		rp = result = NULL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
-	}
-	*rp = '\0';
-	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
-}
-
-/*
- *		bytearecv			- converts external binary format to bytea
- */
-Datum
-bytearecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			nbytes;
-
-	nbytes = buf->len - buf->cursor;
-	result = (bytea *) palloc(nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
-	pq_copymsgbytes(buf, VARDATA(result), nbytes);
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-/*
- *		byteasend			- converts bytea to binary format
- *
- * This is a special case: just copy the input...
- */
-Datum
-byteasend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(vlena);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_string_agg_transfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	state;
-
-	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-
-	/* Append the value unless null, preceding it with the delimiter. */
-	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(1))
-	{
-		bytea	   *value = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-		bool		isfirst = false;
-
-		/*
-		 * You might think we can just throw away the first delimiter, however
-		 * we must keep it as we may be a parallel worker doing partial
-		 * aggregation building a state to send to the main process.  We need
-		 * to keep the delimiter of every aggregation so that the combine
-		 * function can properly join up the strings of two separately
-		 * partially aggregated results.  The first delimiter is only stripped
-		 * off in the final function.  To know how much to strip off the front
-		 * of the string, we store the length of the first delimiter in the
-		 * StringInfo's cursor field, which we don't otherwise need here.
-		 */
-		if (state == NULL)
-		{
-			state = makeStringAggState(fcinfo);
-			isfirst = true;
-		}
-
-		if (!PG_ARGISNULL(2))
-		{
-			bytea	   *delim = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(2);
-
-			appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(delim),
-								   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim));
-			if (isfirst)
-				state->cursor = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim);
-		}
-
-		appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(value),
-							   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(value));
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * The transition type for string_agg() is declared to be "internal",
-	 * which is a pass-by-value type the same size as a pointer.
-	 */
-	if (state)
-		PG_RETURN_POINTER(state);
-	PG_RETURN_NULL();
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_string_agg_finalfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	state;
-
-	/* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
-	Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
-
-	state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-
-	if (state != NULL)
-	{
-		/* As per comment in transfn, strip data before the cursor position */
-		bytea	   *result;
-		int			strippedlen = state->len - state->cursor;
-
-		result = (bytea *) palloc(strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
-		SET_VARSIZE(result, strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
-		memcpy(VARDATA(result), &state->data[state->cursor], strippedlen);
-		PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-	}
-	else
-		PG_RETURN_NULL();
-}
-
 /*
  *		textin			- converts cstring to internal representation
  */
@@ -2959,552 +2647,91 @@ bttext_pattern_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 }
 
 
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaoctetlen
- *
- * get the number of bytes contained in an instance of type 'bytea'
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
+/* text_name()
+ * Converts a text type to a Name type.
  */
 Datum
-byteaoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+text_name(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Datum		str = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+	text	   *s = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
+	Name		result;
+	int			len;
 
-	/* We need not detoast the input at all */
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(str) - VARHDRSZ);
+	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(s);
+
+	/* Truncate oversize input */
+	if (len >= NAMEDATALEN)
+		len = pg_mbcliplen(VARDATA_ANY(s), len, NAMEDATALEN - 1);
+
+	/* We use palloc0 here to ensure result is zero-padded */
+	result = (Name) palloc0(NAMEDATALEN);
+	memcpy(NameStr(*result), VARDATA_ANY(s), len);
+
+	PG_RETURN_NAME(result);
 }
 
-/*
- * byteacat -
- *	  takes two bytea* and returns a bytea* that is the concatenation of
- *	  the two.
- *
- * Cloned from textcat and modified as required.
+/* name_text()
+ * Converts a Name type to a text type.
  */
 Datum
-byteacat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+name_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
+	Name		s = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
 
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_catenate(t1, t2));
+	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(NameStr(*s)));
 }
 
+
 /*
- * bytea_catenate
- *	Guts of byteacat(), broken out so it can be used by other functions
+ * textToQualifiedNameList - convert a text object to list of names
  *
- * Arguments can be in short-header form, but not compressed or out-of-line
+ * This implements the input parsing needed by nextval() and other
+ * functions that take a text parameter representing a qualified name.
+ * We split the name at dots, downcase if not double-quoted, and
+ * truncate names if they're too long.
  */
-static bytea *
-bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2)
+List *
+textToQualifiedNameList(text *textval)
 {
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			len1,
-				len2,
-				len;
-	char	   *ptr;
+	char	   *rawname;
+	List	   *result = NIL;
+	List	   *namelist;
+	ListCell   *l;
 
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
+	/* Convert to C string (handles possible detoasting). */
+	/* Note we rely on being able to modify rawname below. */
+	rawname = text_to_cstring(textval);
 
-	/* paranoia ... probably should throw error instead? */
-	if (len1 < 0)
-		len1 = 0;
-	if (len2 < 0)
-		len2 = 0;
+	if (!SplitIdentifierString(rawname, '.', &namelist))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
+				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
 
-	len = len1 + len2 + VARHDRSZ;
-	result = (bytea *) palloc(len);
+	if (namelist == NIL)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
+				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
 
-	/* Set size of result string... */
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, len);
+	foreach(l, namelist)
+	{
+		char	   *curname = (char *) lfirst(l);
 
-	/* Fill data field of result string... */
-	ptr = VARDATA(result);
-	if (len1 > 0)
-		memcpy(ptr, VARDATA_ANY(t1), len1);
-	if (len2 > 0)
-		memcpy(ptr + len1, VARDATA_ANY(t2), len2);
+		result = lappend(result, makeString(pstrdup(curname)));
+	}
+
+	pfree(rawname);
+	list_free(namelist);
 
 	return result;
 }
 
-#define PG_STR_GET_BYTEA(str_) \
-	DatumGetByteaPP(DirectFunctionCall1(byteain, CStringGetDatum(str_)))
-
 /*
- * bytea_substr()
- * Return a substring starting at the specified position.
- * Cloned from text_substr and modified as required.
+ * SplitIdentifierString --- parse a string containing identifiers
  *
- * Input:
- *	- string
- *	- starting position (is one-based)
- *	- string length (optional)
- *
- * If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
- * adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
- * If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown. If no third argument
- * (length) is provided, the length to the end of the string is assumed.
- */
-Datum
-bytea_substr(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
-									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
-									  PG_GETARG_INT32(2),
-									  false));
-}
-
-/*
- * bytea_substr_no_len -
- *	  Wrapper to avoid opr_sanity failure due to
- *	  one function accepting a different number of args.
- */
-Datum
-bytea_substr_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
-									  PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
-									  -1,
-									  true));
-}
-
-static bytea *
-bytea_substring(Datum str,
-				int S,
-				int L,
-				bool length_not_specified)
-{
-	int32		S1;				/* adjusted start position */
-	int32		L1;				/* adjusted substring length */
-	int32		E;				/* end position */
-
-	/*
-	 * The logic here should generally match text_substring().
-	 */
-	S1 = Max(S, 1);
-
-	if (length_not_specified)
-	{
-		/*
-		 * Not passed a length - DatumGetByteaPSlice() grabs everything to the
-		 * end of the string if we pass it a negative value for length.
-		 */
-		L1 = -1;
-	}
-	else if (L < 0)
-	{
-		/* SQL99 says to throw an error for E < S, i.e., negative length */
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
-		L1 = -1;				/* silence stupider compilers */
-	}
-	else if (pg_add_s32_overflow(S, L, &E))
-	{
-		/*
-		 * L could be large enough for S + L to overflow, in which case the
-		 * substring must run to end of string.
-		 */
-		L1 = -1;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/*
-		 * A zero or negative value for the end position can happen if the
-		 * start was negative or one. SQL99 says to return a zero-length
-		 * string.
-		 */
-		if (E < 1)
-			return PG_STR_GET_BYTEA("");
-
-		L1 = E - S1;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * If the start position is past the end of the string, SQL99 says to
-	 * return a zero-length string -- DatumGetByteaPSlice() will do that for
-	 * us.  We need only convert S1 to zero-based starting position.
-	 */
-	return DatumGetByteaPSlice(str, S1 - 1, L1);
-}
-
-/*
- * byteaoverlay
- *	Replace specified substring of first string with second
- *
- * The SQL standard defines OVERLAY() in terms of substring and concatenation.
- * This code is a direct implementation of what the standard says.
- */
-Datum
-byteaoverlay(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
-	int			sl = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);	/* substring length */
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteaoverlay_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);	/* substring start position */
-	int			sl;
-
-	sl = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2); /* defaults to length(t2) */
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
-}
-
-static bytea *
-bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl)
-{
-	bytea	   *result;
-	bytea	   *s1;
-	bytea	   *s2;
-	int			sp_pl_sl;
-
-	/*
-	 * Check for possible integer-overflow cases.  For negative sp, throw a
-	 * "substring length" error because that's what should be expected
-	 * according to the spec's definition of OVERLAY().
-	 */
-	if (sp <= 0)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
-	if (pg_add_s32_overflow(sp, sl, &sp_pl_sl))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				 errmsg("integer out of range")));
-
-	s1 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), 1, sp - 1, false);
-	s2 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), sp_pl_sl, -1, true);
-	result = bytea_catenate(s1, t2);
-	result = bytea_catenate(result, s2);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * bit_count
- */
-Datum
-bytea_bit_count(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT64(pg_popcount(VARDATA_ANY(t1), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1)));
-}
-
-/*
- * byteapos -
- *	  Return the position of the specified substring.
- *	  Implements the SQL POSITION() function.
- * Cloned from textpos and modified as required.
- */
-Datum
-byteapos(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			pos;
-	int			px,
-				p;
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	char	   *p1,
-			   *p2;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
-
-	if (len2 <= 0)
-		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);		/* result for empty pattern */
-
-	p1 = VARDATA_ANY(t1);
-	p2 = VARDATA_ANY(t2);
-
-	pos = 0;
-	px = (len1 - len2);
-	for (p = 0; p <= px; p++)
-	{
-		if ((*p2 == *p1) && (memcmp(p1, p2, len2) == 0))
-		{
-			pos = p + 1;
-			break;
-		};
-		p1++;
-	};
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(pos);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaGetByte
- *
- * this routine treats "bytea" as an array of bytes.
- * It returns the Nth byte (a number between 0 and 255).
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaGetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	int			len;
-	int			byte;
-
-	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
-						n, len - 1)));
-
-	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[n];
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(byte);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaGetBit
- *
- * This routine treats a "bytea" type like an array of bits.
- * It returns the value of the Nth bit (0 or 1).
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaGetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
-	int			byteNo,
-				bitNo;
-	int			len;
-	int			byte;
-
-	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
-						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
-
-	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
-	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
-	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
-
-	byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[byteNo];
-
-	if (byte & (1 << bitNo))
-		PG_RETURN_INT32(1);
-	else
-		PG_RETURN_INT32(0);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaSetByte
- *
- * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
- * the Nth byte set to the given value.
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaSetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
-	int32		n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	int32		newByte = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	int			len;
-
-	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= len)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
-						n, len - 1)));
-
-	/*
-	 * Now set the byte.
-	 */
-	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[n] = newByte;
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------
- * byteaSetBit
- *
- * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
- * the Nth bit set to the given value.
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-Datum
-byteaSetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
-	int64		n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
-	int32		newBit = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	int			len;
-	int			oldByte,
-				newByte;
-	int			byteNo,
-				bitNo;
-
-	len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
-
-	if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
-				 errmsg("index %" PRId64 " out of valid range, 0..%" PRId64,
-						n, (int64) len * 8 - 1)));
-
-	/* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
-	byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
-	bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
-
-	/*
-	 * sanity check!
-	 */
-	if (newBit != 0 && newBit != 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("new bit must be 0 or 1")));
-
-	/*
-	 * Update the byte.
-	 */
-	oldByte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo];
-
-	if (newBit == 0)
-		newByte = oldByte & (~(1 << bitNo));
-	else
-		newByte = oldByte | (1 << bitNo);
-
-	((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo] = newByte;
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return reversed bytea
- */
-Datum
-bytea_reverse(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(v);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	const char *endp = p + len;
-	bytea	   *result = palloc(len + VARHDRSZ);
-	char	   *dst = (char *) VARDATA(result) + len;
-
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, len + VARHDRSZ);
-
-	while (p < endp)
-		*(--dst) = *p++;
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-
-/* text_name()
- * Converts a text type to a Name type.
- */
-Datum
-text_name(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	text	   *s = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
-	Name		result;
-	int			len;
-
-	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(s);
-
-	/* Truncate oversize input */
-	if (len >= NAMEDATALEN)
-		len = pg_mbcliplen(VARDATA_ANY(s), len, NAMEDATALEN - 1);
-
-	/* We use palloc0 here to ensure result is zero-padded */
-	result = (Name) palloc0(NAMEDATALEN);
-	memcpy(NameStr(*result), VARDATA_ANY(s), len);
-
-	PG_RETURN_NAME(result);
-}
-
-/* name_text()
- * Converts a Name type to a text type.
- */
-Datum
-name_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Name		s = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
-
-	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(NameStr(*s)));
-}
-
-
-/*
- * textToQualifiedNameList - convert a text object to list of names
- *
- * This implements the input parsing needed by nextval() and other
- * functions that take a text parameter representing a qualified name.
- * We split the name at dots, downcase if not double-quoted, and
- * truncate names if they're too long.
- */
-List *
-textToQualifiedNameList(text *textval)
-{
-	char	   *rawname;
-	List	   *result = NIL;
-	List	   *namelist;
-	ListCell   *l;
-
-	/* Convert to C string (handles possible detoasting). */
-	/* Note we rely on being able to modify rawname below. */
-	rawname = text_to_cstring(textval);
-
-	if (!SplitIdentifierString(rawname, '.', &namelist))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
-				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
-
-	if (namelist == NIL)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
-				 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
-
-	foreach(l, namelist)
-	{
-		char	   *curname = (char *) lfirst(l);
-
-		result = lappend(result, makeString(pstrdup(curname)));
-	}
-
-	pfree(rawname);
-	list_free(namelist);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * SplitIdentifierString --- parse a string containing identifiers
- *
- * This is the guts of textToQualifiedNameList, and is exported for use in
- * other situations such as parsing GUC variables.  In the GUC case, it's
- * important to avoid memory leaks, so the API is designed to minimize the
- * amount of stuff that needs to be allocated and freed.
+ * This is the guts of textToQualifiedNameList, and is exported for use in
+ * other situations such as parsing GUC variables.  In the GUC case, it's
+ * important to avoid memory leaks, so the API is designed to minimize the
+ * amount of stuff that needs to be allocated and freed.
  *
  * Inputs:
  *	rawstring: the input string; must be overwritable!	On return, it's
@@ -3849,331 +3076,6 @@ SplitGUCList(char *rawstring, char separator,
 	return true;
 }
 
-
-/*****************************************************************************
- *	Comparison Functions used for bytea
- *
- * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
- * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
- * need to be so careful.
- *****************************************************************************/
-
-Datum
-byteaeq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
-	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
-	bool		result;
-	Size		len1,
-				len2;
-
-	/*
-	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
-	 * having to detoast one or both values.
-	 */
-	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
-	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
-	if (len1 != len2)
-		result = false;
-	else
-	{
-		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
-		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
-
-		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
-						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) == 0);
-
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-byteane(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Datum		arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
-	Datum		arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
-	bool		result;
-	Size		len1,
-				len2;
-
-	/*
-	 * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
-	 * having to detoast one or both values.
-	 */
-	len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
-	len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
-	if (len1 != len2)
-		result = true;
-	else
-	{
-		bytea	   *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
-		bytea	   *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
-
-		result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
-						 len1 - VARHDRSZ) != 0);
-
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
-		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytealt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteale(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 <= len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteagt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteage(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 >= len2)));
-}
-
-Datum
-byteacmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-	if ((cmp == 0) && (len1 != len2))
-		cmp = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(cmp);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-	result = ((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	bytea	   *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
-	bytea	   *result;
-	int			len1,
-				len2;
-	int			cmp;
-
-	len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
-	len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
-
-	cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
-	result = ((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
-}
-
-Datum
-bytea_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-	MemoryContext oldcontext;
-
-	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
-
-	/* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
-	varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BYTEAOID, C_COLLATION_OID);
-
-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
-
-	PG_RETURN_VOID();
-}
-
-/* Cast bytea -> int2 */
-Datum
-bytea_int2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	uint16		result;
-
-	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
-	if (len > sizeof(result))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				errmsg("smallint out of range"));
-
-	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
-	result = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-	{
-		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
-		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT16(result);
-}
-
-/* Cast bytea -> int4 */
-Datum
-bytea_int4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	uint32		result;
-
-	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
-	if (len > sizeof(result))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				errmsg("integer out of range"));
-
-	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
-	result = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-	{
-		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
-		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
-}
-
-/* Cast bytea -> int8 */
-Datum
-bytea_int8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	bytea	   *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
-	int			len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
-	uint64		result;
-
-	/* Check that the byte array is not too long */
-	if (len > sizeof(result))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				errmsg("bigint out of range"));
-
-	/* Convert it to an integer; most significant bytes come first */
-	result = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-	{
-		result <<= BITS_PER_BYTE;
-		result |= ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[i];
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT64(result);
-}
-
-/* Cast int2 -> bytea; can just use int2send() */
-Datum
-int2_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	return int2send(fcinfo);
-}
-
-/* Cast int4 -> bytea; can just use int4send() */
-Datum
-int4_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	return int4send(fcinfo);
-}
-
-/* Cast int8 -> bytea; can just use int8send() */
-Datum
-int8_bytea(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	return int8send(fcinfo);
-}
-
 /*
  * appendStringInfoText
  *
-- 
2.49.0