How to specify/mock the statistic data of tables in PostgreSQL

On Fri, Jan 10, 2014 at 6:00 PM, ygnhzeus <ygnhzeus@gmail.com> wrote:

Hi all,

I want to use PostgreSQL to help me calculate the cardinality/selectivity of
some queries, but I do not want to insert any data into these tables(since
the data size is huge) to PostgreSQL. So I plan to calculate the statistic
data by myself (not in PostgreSQL) and manually specify the metrics (maybe
by modifying pg_statistic table) in PostgreSQL, thus PG's optimizer may use
these statistic to evaluate the query (Explain...). Here comes the problem:

1. Is it possible to do what I've described above?

2. I've took a look at the pg_statistic table and pg_stats view, in the view
I saw that most_common_elems/most_common_elem_freqs/elem_count_histogram
were empty, and I'm also a little confused about the column called
correlation. Is there any detailed document about how these metrics are
calculated in PostgreSQL?

About correlation:
As you might know index on some column imparts a logical ordering (for
example, ascending) to table rows based on that column, but remember,
actual rows are not stored in the same physical order in the relation
file as the logical order. So, there's a random disk access penalty
when fetching individual rows from the heap (for example, range scans
that use index). "correlation" denotes how close these two orderings
are to each other.

A command called CLUSTER can be used to physically reorder a table's
rows to match the logical ordering imposed by some index on that
table. More about CLUSTER here:

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-cluster.html

Consider following example,

postgres=# create table test as select generate_series(1,1000000) as a
order by random();
SELECT 1000000

postgres=# create index test_idx on test using a;
postgres=# create index test_idx on test using btree (a);
CREATE INDEX

postgres=# analyze test;
ANALYZE

postgres=# select correlation from pg_stats where tablename = 'test';
correlation
-------------
-0.00164016
(1 row)

postgres=# select count(*) from test where a between 34000 and 68000;
count
-------
34001
(1 row)

Time: 26.875 ms

Note here that the correlation is pretty close to zero meaning
physical ordering of rows is different than logical ordering imposed
by the index.

postgres=# cluster test using test_idx;
CLUSTER

This should put rows of the table into the same order as the index.

postgres=# analyze test;
ANALYZE

postgres=# select correlation from pg_stats where tablename = 'test';
correlation
-------------
1
(1 row)

postgres=# select count(*) from test where a between 34000 and 68000;
count
-------
34001
(1 row)

Time: 12.990 ms

Note here that now rows of the table are in almost same physical order
as its index thus reducing random disk accesses. Note how after
CLUSTER, time for same query reduces to half the time of original
unclustered case. This is due to reduced random disk access.

As to how the pg_stats statistics are used by the planner for row
estimation is described here:

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/row-estimation-examples.html

However, to understand how they are generated by ANALYZE (in most
cases, using random sampling), I guess you'd need to go through its
code in the source file "src/backend/commands/analyze.c".

--
Amit Langote

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Thanks for your reply.
So correlation is not related to the calculation of selectivity right? If I force PostgreSQL not to optimize the join order (by setting join_collapse_limit and from_collapse_limit to 1) , is there any other factor that may affect the structure of execution plan regardless of the data access method.

2014-01-10

ygnhzeus

发件人：Amit Langote <amitlangote09@gmail.com>
发送时间：2014-01-10 22:00
主题：Re: [GENERAL] How to specify/mock the statistic data of tables in PostgreSQL
收件人："ygnhzeus"<ygnhzeus@gmail.com>
抄送："pgsql-general"<pgsql-general@postgresql.org>

On Fri, Jan 10, 2014 at 6:00 PM, ygnhzeus <ygnhzeus@gmail.com> wrote:

Hi all,

I want to use PostgreSQL to help me calculate the cardinality/selectivity of
some queries, but I do not want to insert any data into these tables(since
the data size is huge) to PostgreSQL. So I plan to calculate the statistic
data by myself (not in PostgreSQL) and manually specify the metrics (maybe
by modifying pg_statistic table) in PostgreSQL, thus PG's optimizer may use
these statistic to evaluate the query (Explain...). Here comes the problem:

1. Is it possible to do what I've described above?

2. I've took a look at the pg_statistic table and pg_stats view, in the view
I saw that most_common_elems/most_common_elem_freqs/elem_count_histogram
were empty, and I'm also a little confused about the column called
correlation. Is there any detailed document about how these metrics are
calculated in PostgreSQL?

About correlation:
As you might know index on some column imparts a logical ordering (for
example, ascending) to table rows based on that column, but remember,
actual rows are not stored in the same physical order in the relation
file as the logical order. So, there's a random disk access penalty
when fetching individual rows from the heap (for example, range scans
that use index). "correlation" denotes how close these two orderings
are to each other.

A command called CLUSTER can be used to physically reorder a table's
rows to match the logical ordering imposed by some index on that
table. More about CLUSTER here:

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-cluster.html

Consider following example,

postgres=# create table test as select generate_series(1,1000000) as a
order by random();
SELECT 1000000

postgres=# create index test_idx on test using a;
postgres=# create index test_idx on test using btree (a);
CREATE INDEX

postgres=# analyze test;
ANALYZE

postgres=# select correlation from pg_stats where tablename = 'test';
correlation
-------------
-0.00164016
(1 row)

postgres=# select count(*) from test where a between 34000 and 68000;
count
-------
34001
(1 row)

Time: 26.875 ms

Note here that the correlation is pretty close to zero meaning
physical ordering of rows is different than logical ordering imposed
by the index.

postgres=# cluster test using test_idx;
CLUSTER

This should put rows of the table into the same order as the index.

postgres=# analyze test;
ANALYZE

postgres=# select correlation from pg_stats where tablename = 'test';
correlation
-------------
1
(1 row)

postgres=# select count(*) from test where a between 34000 and 68000;
count
-------
34001
(1 row)

Time: 12.990 ms

Note here that now rows of the table are in almost same physical order
as its index thus reducing random disk accesses. Note how after
CLUSTER, time for same query reduces to half the time of original
unclustered case. This is due to reduced random disk access.

As to how the pg_stats statistics are used by the planner for row
estimation is described here:

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/row-estimation-examples.html

However, to understand how they are generated by ANALYZE (in most
cases, using random sampling), I guess you'd need to go through its
code in the source file "src/backend/commands/analyze.c".

--
Amit Langote

Sent from my iPad

On 10-Jan-2014, at 19:42, "ygnhzeus" <ygnhzeus@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks for your reply.
So correlation is not related to the calculation of selectivity right? If I force PostgreSQL not to optimize the join order (by setting join_collapse_limit and from_collapse_limit to 1) , is there any other factor that may affect the structure of execution plan regardless of the data access method.

2014-01-10
ygnhzeus
发件人：Amit Langote <amitlangote09@gmail.com>
发送时间：2014-01-10 22:00
主题：Re: [GENERAL] How to specify/mock the statistic data of tables in PostgreSQL
收件人："ygnhzeus"<ygnhzeus@gmail.com>
抄送："pgsql-general"<pgsql-general@postgresql.org>

AFAIK, correlation is involved in calculation of the costs that are used for deciding the type of access.If the correlation is low, index scan can lead to quite some random reads, hence leading to higher costs.

Regards,

Atri

On Fri, Jan 10, 2014 at 11:19 PM, Atri Sharma <atri.jiit@gmail.com> wrote:

Sent from my iPad

On 10-Jan-2014, at 19:42, "ygnhzeus" <ygnhzeus@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks for your reply.
So correlation is not related to the calculation of selectivity right? If I
force PostgreSQL not to optimize the join order (by setting
join_collapse_limit and from_collapse_limit to 1) , is there any other
factor that may affect the structure of execution plan regardless of the
data access method.

2014-01-10
________________________________
ygnhzeus
________________________________
发件人：Amit Langote <amitlangote09@gmail.com>
发送时间：2014-01-10 22:00
主题：Re: [GENERAL] How to specify/mock the statistic data of tables in
PostgreSQL
收件人："ygnhzeus"<ygnhzeus@gmail.com>
抄送："pgsql-general"<pgsql-general@postgresql.org>

AFAIK, correlation is involved in calculation of the costs that are used for
deciding the type of access.If the correlation is low, index scan can lead
to quite some random reads, hence leading to higher costs.

Ah, I forgot to mention this point about how planner uses correlation
for access method selection.

And selectivity is a function of statistical distribution of column
values described in pg_statistic by histograms, most common values
(with their occurrence frequencies), number of distinct values, etc.
It has nothing to do with correlation.

--
Amit Langote

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I see, thanks.

I'm looking into the source code of statistic part now, and I'm a little
confused about the column "staop" presented in table pg_statistic,
in the pg_statisitc.h, the comment says:

/* ----------------
* To allow keeping statistics on different kinds of datatypes,
* we do not hard-wire any particular meaning for the remaining
* statistical fields. Instead, we provide several "slots" in which
* statistical data can be placed. Each slot includes:
* kind integer code identifying kind of data (see below)
* op OID of associated operator, if needed
* numbers float4 array (for statistical values)
* values anyarray (for representations of data values)
* The ID and operator fields are never NULL; they are zeroes in an
* unused slot. The numbers and values fields are NULL in an unused
* slot, and might also be NULL in a used slot if the slot kind has
* no need for one or the other.
* ----------------
*/
And,
//line 194 : In a "most common values" slot, staop is the OID of the "="
operator used to decide whether values are the same or not.
//line 206 : A "histogram" slot describes the distribution of scalar data.
staop is the OID of the "<" operator that describes the sort ordering.
....

I don't understand the function of staop here, how is it used in optimizer,
is there any example ? thanks!

2014/1/10 Amit Langote <amitlangote09@gmail.com>

=?GB2312?B?RmVsaXgu0Ow=?= <ygnhzeus@gmail.com> writes:

//line 194 : In a "most common values" slot, staop is the OID of the "="
operator used to decide whether values are the same or not.
//line 206 : A "histogram" slot describes the distribution of scalar data.
staop is the OID of the "<" operator that describes the sort ordering.

I don't understand the function of staop here, how is it used in optimizer,

In principle a data type could have more than one sort ordering, and if
we were to collect stats according to multiple orderings, staop would be
needed to identify which ordering a particular set of statistics was
created with. That flexibility isn't being used right now, at least not
by any built-in code. There are types with more than one ordering (more
than one btree opclass), but ANALYZE only collects stats for the default
btree opclass.

regards, tom lane

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I see, thanks, so columns of staop* are not currently used by the planner by default, right?
The type of staop is oid, which table is related to it?

2014-01-13

ygnhzeus

发件人：Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
发送时间：2014-01-13 23:21
主题：Re: [GENERAL] How to specify/mock the statistic data of tables in PostgreSQL
收件人："Felix.徐"<ygnhzeus@gmail.com>
抄送："Amit Langote"<amitlangote09@gmail.com>,"Atri Sharma"<atri.jiit@gmail.com>,"pgsql-general"<pgsql-general@postgresql.org>

=?GB2312?B?RmVsaXgu0Ow=?= <ygnhzeus@gmail.com> writes:

//line 194 : In a "most common values" slot, staop is the OID of the "="
operator used to decide whether values are the same or not.
//line 206 : A "histogram" slot describes the distribution of scalar data.
staop is the OID of the "<" operator that describes the sort ordering.

I don't understand the function of staop here, how is it used in optimizer,

In principle a data type could have more than one sort ordering, and if
we were to collect stats according to multiple orderings, staop would be
needed to identify which ordering a particular set of statistics was
created with. That flexibility isn't being used right now, at least not
by any built-in code. There are types with more than one ordering (more
than one btree opclass), but ANALYZE only collects stats for the default
btree opclass.

regards, tom lane