pgsql: Refactor set of routines specific to elog.c

Refactor set of routines specific to elog.c

This refactors the following routines and facilities coming from
elog.c, to ease their use across multiple log destinations:
- Start timestamp, including its reset, to store when a process has been
started.
- The log timestamp, associated to an entry (the same timestamp is used
when logging across multiple destinations).
- Routine deciding if a query can be logged or not.
- The backend type names, depending on the process that logs any
information (postmaster, bgworker name or just GetBackendTypeDesc() with
a regular backend).
- Write of logs using the logging piped protocol, with the log collector
enabled.
- Error severity converted to a string.

These refactored routines will be used for some follow-up changes
to move all the csvlog logic into its own file and to potentially add
JSON as log destination, reducing the overall size of elog.c as the end
result.

Author: Michael Paquier, Sehrope Sarkuni
Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart
Discussion: /messages/by-id/CAH7T-aqswBM6JWe4pDehi1uOiufqe06DJWaU5=X7dDLyqUExHg@mail.gmail.com

Branch
------
master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/ac7c80758a7ad6369aefce7406f08c689144ec4b

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/utils/error/elog.c | 159 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
src/include/utils/elog.h | 12 ++++
2 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)