Trigger more frequent autovacuums of heavy insert tables

From 1bd8bbf4a62013e52180d17bc065eea826f784ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Oct 2024 14:29:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v2 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml              | 15 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c    | 17 ++++++++++++----
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c              |  2 ++
 src/backend/catalog/index.c             | 27 +++++++++++++++++--------
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c          | 12 +++++------
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c          |  5 +++++
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c           |  6 ++++++
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c | 20 +++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c      |  2 ++
 src/include/catalog/catversion.h        |  2 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h          |  3 +++
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h           |  1 +
 12 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index 964c819a02d..174ef29ed6d 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2066,6 +2066,21 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's
+       visibility map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums.
+       It is updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>, and a few DDL commands such as
+       <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE INDEX</command></link>.
+       Every all-frozen page must also be marked all-visible.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index d82aa3d4896..dff4cd08a99 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -303,7 +303,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -558,10 +559,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * Every block marked all-frozen in the VM must also be marked
+	 * all-visible.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -570,7 +578,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3100,7 +3109,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 0078a12f26e..d150d2b9a72 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -920,6 +920,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -990,6 +991,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index 12822d0b140..2386009a1d7 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2795,8 +2795,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2841,8 +2841,8 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	 * transaction could still fail before committing.  Setting relhasindex
 	 * true is safe even if there are no indexes (VACUUM will eventually fix
 	 * it).  And of course the new relpages and reltuples counts are correct
-	 * regardless.  However, we don't want to change relpages (or
-	 * relallvisible) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
+	 * regardless. However, we don't want to change relpages (or relallvisible
+	 * and relallfrozen) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
 	 * count, because that would bollix the reltuples/relpages ratio which is
 	 * what's really important.
 	 */
@@ -2888,12 +2888,18 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	if (reltuples >= 0 && !IsBinaryUpgrade)
 	{
 		BlockNumber relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
+		/* don't bother for indexes */
 		if (rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else					/* don't bother for indexes */
-			relallvisible = 0;
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* Every all-frozen page must also be set all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 
 		if (rd_rel->relpages != (int32) relpages)
 		{
@@ -2910,6 +2916,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index 38fb4c3ef23..0928592272e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,11 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +645,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 78f96789b0e..43763550668 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1224,6 +1224,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1236,6 +1237,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index ac8f5d9c259..7ed4df509c5 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1410,6 +1410,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1459,6 +1460,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index b1eb8a9bbaf..bc7092dc1ca 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ static bool relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel);
 
 /*
  * Internal function for modifying statistics for a relation.
+ *
+ * Up to four pg_class columns may be updated even though only three relation
+ * statistics may be modified; relallfrozen is always set to -1 when
+ * relallvisible is updated manually.
  */
 static bool
 relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
@@ -62,9 +66,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 	Relation	crel;
 	HeapTuple	ctup;
 	Form_pg_class pgcform;
-	int			replaces[3] = {0};
-	Datum		values[3] = {0};
-	bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+	int			replaces[4] = {0};
+	Datum		values[4] = {0};
+	bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 	int			ncols = 0;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
 	HeapTuple	newtup;
@@ -160,6 +164,16 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 			replaces[ncols] = Anum_pg_class_relallvisible;
 			values[ncols] = Int32GetDatum(relallvisible);
 			ncols++;
+
+			/*
+			 * If we are modifying relallvisible manually, it is not clear
+			 * what relallfrozen value would make sense. Therefore, set it to
+			 * -1, or unknown. It will be updated the next time these fields
+			 *  are updated.
+			 */
+			replaces[ncols] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+			values[ncols] = Int32GetDatum(-1);
+			ncols++;
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index c326f687eb4..4bd9e10310c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1936,6 +1936,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 	relation->rd_rel->relam = HEAP_TABLE_AM_OID;
@@ -3931,6 +3932,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
index 391bf04bf5d..6d241f449bb 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
@@ -57,6 +57,6 @@
  */
 
 /*							yyyymmddN */
-#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	202410222
+#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	202410223
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index 0fc2c093b0d..b915bef9aa5 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/* # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date; -1 means "unknown") */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 759f9a87d38..c3fd2919e64 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -329,6 +329,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
-- 
2.34.1

From e29e41ac11b614aafb58412e042c50f37e33ef06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Oct 2024 17:06:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v2 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      |  4 +--
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 26 +++++++++++++++++--
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 934ef5e4691..a303f06e4c9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8683,10 +8683,10 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
       </term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-        The default is 0.2 (20% of table size).
+        The default is 0.2 (20% of active table size).
         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
         file or on the server command line;
         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index dc3cf87abab..9bd96794ae9 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2922,7 +2922,12 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
+
+	/* From pg_class */
+	float4		reltuples;
+	int32		relpages;
+	int32		relallfrozen;
+	int32		relallvisible;
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3030,6 +3035,11 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+
+		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+		relallvisible = classForm->relallvisible;
 		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
@@ -3039,8 +3049,20 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		if (reltuples == 0 || relpages < 0)
+			relpages = 0;
+
+		if (relallvisible > relpages)
+			relallvisible = relpages;
+
+		if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+			relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+
+		if (relpages > 0)
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 667e0dc40a2..242155c4230 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -669,8 +669,8 @@
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000	# maximum XID age before forced vacuum
 					# (change requires restart)
-- 
2.34.1

From c2e29150e923f9782ce24a7a4e7d6f2d7445b543 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Oct 2024 17:06:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v3 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Author: Melanie Plageman
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      |  4 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 37 ++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +-
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index dc401087dc6..3bd22f7f1e7 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8710,10 +8710,10 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
       </term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-        The default is 0.2 (20% of table size).
+        The default is 0.2 (20% of active table size).
         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
         file or on the server command line;
         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index dc3cf87abab..364b46f672d 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2922,7 +2922,12 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
+
+	/* From pg_class */
+	float4		reltuples;
+	int32		relpages;
+	int32		relallfrozen;
+	int32		relallvisible;
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3030,6 +3035,10 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+
+		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
 		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
@@ -3039,8 +3048,32 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If the table has been vacuumed and we have reliable data for
+		 * relallfrozen and relallvisible, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 *
+		 * If relallfrozen is -1, that means relallvisible was updated
+		 * manually and we can't rely on relallfrozen.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && reltuples > 0 && relallfrozen > -1)
+		{
+			relallvisible = classForm->relallvisible;
+
+			if (relallvisible > relpages)
+				relallvisible = relpages;
+
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 39a3ac23127..a66f16e838a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -670,8 +670,8 @@
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000	# maximum XID age before forced vacuum
 					# (change requires restart)
-- 
2.34.1

From caab36b29b9a9e2582283279d2e9b0fa404307ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 10:43:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v3 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Author: Melanie Plageman
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml              | 20 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c    | 17 ++++++++++++----
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c              |  2 ++
 src/backend/catalog/index.c             | 27 +++++++++++++++++--------
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c          | 12 +++++------
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c          |  5 +++++
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c           |  6 ++++++
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c | 20 +++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c      |  2 ++
 src/include/catalog/catversion.h        |  2 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h          |  3 +++
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h           |  1 +
 12 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index 964c819a02d..392a1f71eb0 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2066,6 +2066,26 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>,
+       and a few DDL commands such as
+       <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE INDEX</command></link>.
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> must be less than or equal to
+       <strutfield>relallvisible</structfield> as an all-frozen page must be
+       all-visible. If <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> was updated
+       manually, <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> will be -1 until the
+       next time they are updated.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index d82aa3d4896..776d1673bbb 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -303,7 +303,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -558,10 +559,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -570,7 +578,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3100,7 +3109,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 0078a12f26e..d150d2b9a72 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -920,6 +920,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -990,6 +991,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index 9162b9f81a2..6f1bc159ecd 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2795,8 +2795,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2841,8 +2841,8 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	 * transaction could still fail before committing.  Setting relhasindex
 	 * true is safe even if there are no indexes (VACUUM will eventually fix
 	 * it).  And of course the new relpages and reltuples counts are correct
-	 * regardless.  However, we don't want to change relpages (or
-	 * relallvisible) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
+	 * regardless. However, we don't want to change relpages (or relallvisible
+	 * and relallfrozen) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
 	 * count, because that would bollix the reltuples/relpages ratio which is
 	 * what's really important.
 	 */
@@ -2888,12 +2888,18 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	if (reltuples >= 0 && !IsBinaryUpgrade)
 	{
 		BlockNumber relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
+		/* don't bother for indexes */
 		if (rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else					/* don't bother for indexes */
-			relallvisible = 0;
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* Every all-frozen page must also be set all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 
 		if (rd_rel->relpages != (int32) relpages)
 		{
@@ -2910,6 +2916,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index 38fb4c3ef23..0928592272e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,11 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +645,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 78f96789b0e..43763550668 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1224,6 +1224,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1236,6 +1237,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index ac8f5d9c259..7ed4df509c5 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1410,6 +1410,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1459,6 +1460,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 5a2aabc921e..69892f19978 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ static bool relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel);
 
 /*
  * Internal function for modifying statistics for a relation.
+ *
+ * Up to four pg_class columns may be updated even though only three relation
+ * statistics may be modified; relallfrozen is always set to -1 when
+ * relallvisible is updated manually.
  */
 static bool
 relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
@@ -62,9 +66,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 	Relation	crel;
 	HeapTuple	ctup;
 	Form_pg_class pgcform;
-	int			replaces[3] = {0};
-	Datum		values[3] = {0};
-	bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+	int			replaces[4] = {0};
+	Datum		values[4] = {0};
+	bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 	int			ncols = 0;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
 	bool		result = true;
@@ -154,6 +158,16 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 			replaces[ncols] = Anum_pg_class_relallvisible;
 			values[ncols] = Int32GetDatum(relallvisible);
 			ncols++;
+
+			/*
+			 * If we are modifying relallvisible manually, it is not clear
+			 * what relallfrozen value would make sense. Therefore, set it to
+			 * -1, or unknown. It will be updated the next time these fields
+			 *  are updated.
+			 */
+			replaces[ncols] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+			values[ncols] = Int32GetDatum(-1);
+			ncols++;
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index c326f687eb4..4bd9e10310c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1936,6 +1936,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 	relation->rd_rel->relam = HEAP_TABLE_AM_OID;
@@ -3931,6 +3932,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
index fc1c125d0d0..21dfcb16d27 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
@@ -57,6 +57,6 @@
  */
 
 /*							yyyymmddN */
-#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	202410242
+#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	202410251
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index 0fc2c093b0d..b915bef9aa5 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/* # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date; -1 means "unknown") */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 759f9a87d38..c3fd2919e64 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -329,6 +329,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
-- 
2.34.1

From 2ed8278b4fb44050c4081b021bf59bcc33fd107e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:19:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v4 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml              | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c    | 17 +++++++++++++----
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c              |  2 ++
 src/backend/catalog/index.c             | 22 +++++++++++++++++-----
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c          | 12 ++++++------
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c          |  5 +++++
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c           | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c      |  2 ++
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h          |  8 ++++++++
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h           |  1 +
 11 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index d3036c5ba9d..d218d3702e9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2064,6 +2064,26 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>,
+       and a few DDL commands such as
+       <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE INDEX</command></link>.
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> must be less than or equal to
+       <strutfield>relallvisible</structfield> as an all-frozen page must be
+       all-visible. If <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> was updated
+       manually, <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> will be -1 until the
+       next time they are updated.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 5b0e790e121..ec73471c2c4 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -370,7 +370,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -629,10 +630,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -641,7 +649,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3248,7 +3257,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 57ef466acce..5ab75d5c977 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -913,6 +913,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -983,6 +984,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index 7377912b41e..ee72a1e5e41 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2792,8 +2792,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2811,6 +2811,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2850,7 +2851,13 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* An all-frozen block must be all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2875,8 +2882,8 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	 * transaction could still fail before committing.  Setting relhasindex
 	 * true is safe even if there are no indexes (VACUUM will eventually fix
 	 * it).  And of course the new relpages and reltuples counts are correct
-	 * regardless.  However, we don't want to change relpages (or
-	 * relallvisible) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
+	 * regardless. However, we don't want to change relpages (or relallvisible
+	 * and relallfrozen) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
 	 * count, because that would bollix the reltuples/relpages ratio which is
 	 * what's really important.
 	 */
@@ -2923,6 +2930,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index 2a7769b1fd1..927b35ead34 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -628,12 +628,11 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -644,6 +643,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index e6745e6145c..376ce2e489a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1410,6 +1410,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1441,8 +1442,15 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 			 relid);
 	pgcform = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(ctup);
 
-	/* Apply statistical updates, if any, to copied tuple */
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block must be marked all-visible in the VM. While callers
+	 * are likely to check this themselves, it is worth ensuring we don't put
+	 * incorrect information in pg_class.
+	 */
+	if (num_all_frozen_pages > num_all_visible_pages)
+		num_all_frozen_pages = num_all_visible_pages;
 
+	/* Apply statistical updates, if any, to copied tuple */
 	dirty = false;
 	if (pgcform->relpages != (int32) num_pages)
 	{
@@ -1459,6 +1467,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 046661d7c3f..758a56f8a46 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ static bool relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel,
 
 /*
  * Internal function for modifying statistics for a relation.
+ *
+ * Up to four pg_class columns may be updated even though only three relation
+ * statistics may be modified; relallfrozen is always set to -1 when
+ * relallvisible is updated manually.
  */
 static bool
 relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
@@ -167,6 +171,14 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		if (update_relallvisible && pgcform->relallvisible != relallvisible)
 		{
 			pgcform->relallvisible = relallvisible;
+
+			/*
+			 * If we are modifying relallvisible manually, it is not clear
+			 * what relallfrozen value would make sense. Therefore, set it to
+			 * -1 ("unknown"). It will be updated the next time these fields
+			 * are updated.
+			 */
+			pgcform->relallfrozen = -1;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
 
@@ -182,9 +194,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
 		HeapTuple	ctup;
 		Form_pg_class pgcform;
-		int			replaces[3] = {0};
-		Datum		values[3] = {0};
-		bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+		int			replaces[4] = {0};
+		Datum		values[4] = {0};
+		bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 		int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 		ctup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(reloid));
@@ -217,6 +229,11 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallvisible;
 			values[nreplaces] = Int32GetDatum(relallvisible);
 			nreplaces++;
+
+			/* See comment above in-place update of relallfrozen */
+			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+			values[nreplaces] = Int32GetDatum(-1);
+			nreplaces++;
 		}
 
 		if (nreplaces > 0)
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 43219a9629c..efd6bcb3860 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1925,6 +1925,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3882,6 +3883,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fbf42b0e195 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,14 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/*
+	 * # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date)
+	 * Starts as 0 (if it has never been updated).
+	 * If relallvisible is manually updated, relallfrozen will be
+	 * -1, meaning "unknown"
+	 */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 12d0b61950d..b2a678df09e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -329,6 +329,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
-- 
2.45.2

From 3a3ca54a118879d13c18fc2b266ee88edcc338a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v4 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++-----
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 32 +++++++++++++++++--
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index a8866292d46..84f2b44ec97 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8651,14 +8651,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is 0.2 (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index 0ab921a169b..2d4a7778561 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2929,7 +2929,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3037,7 +3036,12 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+		int32		relallvisible = classForm->relallvisible;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3046,8 +3050,30 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If the table has been vacuumed and we have reliable data for
+		 * relallfrozen and relallvisible, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 *
+		 * If relallfrozen is -1, that means relallvisible was updated
+		 * manually and we can't rely on relallfrozen.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && reltuples > 0 && relallfrozen > -1)
+		{
+			if (relallvisible > relpages)
+				relallvisible = relpages;
+
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 079efa1baa7..1b10f53c659 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -667,8 +667,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000	# maximum XID age before forced vacuum
 					# (change requires restart)
-- 
2.45.2

From c27e370df14f6f20d21a76c9563d6f00019949e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v5 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++-----
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 32 +++++++++++++++++--
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index a8866292d46..84f2b44ec97 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8651,14 +8651,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is 0.2 (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index 0ab921a169b..2d4a7778561 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2929,7 +2929,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3037,7 +3036,12 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+		int32		relallvisible = classForm->relallvisible;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3046,8 +3050,30 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If the table has been vacuumed and we have reliable data for
+		 * relallfrozen and relallvisible, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 *
+		 * If relallfrozen is -1, that means relallvisible was updated
+		 * manually and we can't rely on relallfrozen.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && reltuples > 0 && relallfrozen > -1)
+		{
+			if (relallvisible > relpages)
+				relallvisible = relpages;
+
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 079efa1baa7..1b10f53c659 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -667,8 +667,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000	# maximum XID age before forced vacuum
 					# (change requires restart)
-- 
2.45.2

From 61e40cbe7c9df615461174301984552e31006a09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:19:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v5 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml              | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c    | 17 +++++++++++++----
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c              |  2 ++
 src/backend/catalog/index.c             | 22 +++++++++++++++++-----
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c          | 12 ++++++------
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c          |  5 +++++
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c           | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c      |  2 ++
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h          |  8 ++++++++
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h           |  1 +
 11 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index d3036c5ba9d..bc9a735e5a7 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2064,6 +2064,26 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>,
+       and a few DDL commands such as
+       <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE INDEX</command></link>.
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> must be less than or equal to
+       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> as an all-frozen page must be
+       all-visible. If <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> was updated
+       manually, <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> will be -1 until the
+       next time they are updated.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 5b0e790e121..ec73471c2c4 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -370,7 +370,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -629,10 +630,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -641,7 +649,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3248,7 +3257,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 57ef466acce..5ab75d5c977 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -913,6 +913,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -983,6 +984,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index 7377912b41e..ee72a1e5e41 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2792,8 +2792,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2811,6 +2811,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2850,7 +2851,13 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* An all-frozen block must be all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2875,8 +2882,8 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	 * transaction could still fail before committing.  Setting relhasindex
 	 * true is safe even if there are no indexes (VACUUM will eventually fix
 	 * it).  And of course the new relpages and reltuples counts are correct
-	 * regardless.  However, we don't want to change relpages (or
-	 * relallvisible) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
+	 * regardless. However, we don't want to change relpages (or relallvisible
+	 * and relallfrozen) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
 	 * count, because that would bollix the reltuples/relpages ratio which is
 	 * what's really important.
 	 */
@@ -2923,6 +2930,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index 2a7769b1fd1..927b35ead34 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -628,12 +628,11 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -644,6 +643,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index e6745e6145c..376ce2e489a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1410,6 +1410,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1441,8 +1442,15 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 			 relid);
 	pgcform = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(ctup);
 
-	/* Apply statistical updates, if any, to copied tuple */
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block must be marked all-visible in the VM. While callers
+	 * are likely to check this themselves, it is worth ensuring we don't put
+	 * incorrect information in pg_class.
+	 */
+	if (num_all_frozen_pages > num_all_visible_pages)
+		num_all_frozen_pages = num_all_visible_pages;
 
+	/* Apply statistical updates, if any, to copied tuple */
 	dirty = false;
 	if (pgcform->relpages != (int32) num_pages)
 	{
@@ -1459,6 +1467,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 046661d7c3f..758a56f8a46 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ static bool relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel,
 
 /*
  * Internal function for modifying statistics for a relation.
+ *
+ * Up to four pg_class columns may be updated even though only three relation
+ * statistics may be modified; relallfrozen is always set to -1 when
+ * relallvisible is updated manually.
  */
 static bool
 relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
@@ -167,6 +171,14 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		if (update_relallvisible && pgcform->relallvisible != relallvisible)
 		{
 			pgcform->relallvisible = relallvisible;
+
+			/*
+			 * If we are modifying relallvisible manually, it is not clear
+			 * what relallfrozen value would make sense. Therefore, set it to
+			 * -1 ("unknown"). It will be updated the next time these fields
+			 * are updated.
+			 */
+			pgcform->relallfrozen = -1;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
 
@@ -182,9 +194,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
 		HeapTuple	ctup;
 		Form_pg_class pgcform;
-		int			replaces[3] = {0};
-		Datum		values[3] = {0};
-		bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+		int			replaces[4] = {0};
+		Datum		values[4] = {0};
+		bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 		int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 		ctup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(reloid));
@@ -217,6 +229,11 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallvisible;
 			values[nreplaces] = Int32GetDatum(relallvisible);
 			nreplaces++;
+
+			/* See comment above in-place update of relallfrozen */
+			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+			values[nreplaces] = Int32GetDatum(-1);
+			nreplaces++;
 		}
 
 		if (nreplaces > 0)
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 43219a9629c..efd6bcb3860 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1925,6 +1925,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3882,6 +3883,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fbf42b0e195 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,14 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/*
+	 * # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date)
+	 * Starts as 0 (if it has never been updated).
+	 * If relallvisible is manually updated, relallfrozen will be
+	 * -1, meaning "unknown"
+	 */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 12d0b61950d..b2a678df09e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -329,6 +329,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
-- 
2.45.2

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From 6048afbedf1590c3669c9f952fa70b244839c987 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v6 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++-----
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 32 +++++++++++++++++--
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 38244409e3c..8cef54bf183 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8652,14 +8652,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is 0.2 (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index 09ec9bb6990..250de2bb8ae 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2932,7 +2932,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3046,7 +3045,12 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+		int32		relallvisible = classForm->relallvisible;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3055,11 +3059,33 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If the table has been vacuumed and we have reliable data for
+		 * relallfrozen and relallvisible, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 *
+		 * If relallfrozen is -1, that means relallvisible was updated
+		 * manually and we can't rely on relallfrozen.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && reltuples > 0 && relallfrozen > -1)
+		{
+			if (relallvisible > relpages)
+				relallvisible = relpages;
+
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
 		if (vac_max_thresh >= 0 && vacthresh > (float4) vac_max_thresh)
 			vacthresh = (float4) vac_max_thresh;
 
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index c40b7a3121e..543e365adb6 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -667,8 +667,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000    # max number of row updates
 						# before vacuum; -1 disables max
-- 
2.34.1

From f32c398378285d76ded53e90f19231dc20f960bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:19:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v6 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml              | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c    | 17 +++++++++++++----
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c              |  2 ++
 src/backend/catalog/index.c             | 22 +++++++++++++++++-----
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c          | 12 ++++++------
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c          |  5 +++++
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c           | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c      |  2 ++
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h          |  8 ++++++++
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h           |  1 +
 11 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index 088fb175cce..ba0ba0f55a3 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2064,6 +2064,26 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>,
+       and a few DDL commands such as
+       <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE INDEX</command></link>.
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> must be less than or equal to
+       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> as an all-frozen page must be
+       all-visible. If <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> was updated
+       manually, <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> will be -1 until the
+       next time they are updated.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 075af385cd1..d7048fdfb71 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -370,7 +370,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -631,10 +632,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -643,7 +651,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3251,7 +3260,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 57ef466acce..5ab75d5c977 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -913,6 +913,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -983,6 +984,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index 7377912b41e..ee72a1e5e41 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2792,8 +2792,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2811,6 +2811,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2850,7 +2851,13 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* An all-frozen block must be all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2875,8 +2882,8 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	 * transaction could still fail before committing.  Setting relhasindex
 	 * true is safe even if there are no indexes (VACUUM will eventually fix
 	 * it).  And of course the new relpages and reltuples counts are correct
-	 * regardless.  However, we don't want to change relpages (or
-	 * relallvisible) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
+	 * regardless. However, we don't want to change relpages (or relallvisible
+	 * and relallfrozen) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
 	 * count, because that would bollix the reltuples/relpages ratio which is
 	 * what's really important.
 	 */
@@ -2923,6 +2930,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index f8da32e9aef..b9f17bf4212 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,11 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +645,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index e6745e6145c..376ce2e489a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1410,6 +1410,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1441,8 +1442,15 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 			 relid);
 	pgcform = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(ctup);
 
-	/* Apply statistical updates, if any, to copied tuple */
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block must be marked all-visible in the VM. While callers
+	 * are likely to check this themselves, it is worth ensuring we don't put
+	 * incorrect information in pg_class.
+	 */
+	if (num_all_frozen_pages > num_all_visible_pages)
+		num_all_frozen_pages = num_all_visible_pages;
 
+	/* Apply statistical updates, if any, to copied tuple */
 	dirty = false;
 	if (pgcform->relpages != (int32) num_pages)
 	{
@@ -1459,6 +1467,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 046661d7c3f..758a56f8a46 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ static bool relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel,
 
 /*
  * Internal function for modifying statistics for a relation.
+ *
+ * Up to four pg_class columns may be updated even though only three relation
+ * statistics may be modified; relallfrozen is always set to -1 when
+ * relallvisible is updated manually.
  */
 static bool
 relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
@@ -167,6 +171,14 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		if (update_relallvisible && pgcform->relallvisible != relallvisible)
 		{
 			pgcform->relallvisible = relallvisible;
+
+			/*
+			 * If we are modifying relallvisible manually, it is not clear
+			 * what relallfrozen value would make sense. Therefore, set it to
+			 * -1 ("unknown"). It will be updated the next time these fields
+			 * are updated.
+			 */
+			pgcform->relallfrozen = -1;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
 
@@ -182,9 +194,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
 		HeapTuple	ctup;
 		Form_pg_class pgcform;
-		int			replaces[3] = {0};
-		Datum		values[3] = {0};
-		bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+		int			replaces[4] = {0};
+		Datum		values[4] = {0};
+		bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 		int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 		ctup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(reloid));
@@ -217,6 +229,11 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallvisible;
 			values[nreplaces] = Int32GetDatum(relallvisible);
 			nreplaces++;
+
+			/* See comment above in-place update of relallfrozen */
+			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+			values[nreplaces] = Int32GetDatum(-1);
+			nreplaces++;
 		}
 
 		if (nreplaces > 0)
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 43219a9629c..efd6bcb3860 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1925,6 +1925,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3882,6 +3883,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fbf42b0e195 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,14 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/*
+	 * # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date)
+	 * Starts as 0 (if it has never been updated).
+	 * If relallvisible is manually updated, relallfrozen will be
+	 * -1, meaning "unknown"
+	 */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 12d0b61950d..b2a678df09e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -329,6 +329,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
-- 
2.34.1

From 26dac7d2d9768c072913c911776d4f679bb21126 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v7 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++------
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 007746a4429..cdd477e62c3 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8767,14 +8767,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index ade2708b59e..050dbd43a22 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2938,7 +2938,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3052,7 +3051,11 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3061,11 +3064,29 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If we have data for relallfrozen, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && relallfrozen > 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * It could be the stats were updated manually and relallfrozen >
+			 * relpages. Clamp relallfrozen to relpages to avoid nonsensical
+			 * calculations.
+			 */
+			relallfrozen = Min(relallfrozen, relpages);
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
 		if (vac_max_thresh >= 0 && vacthresh > (float4) vac_max_thresh)
 			vacthresh = (float4) vac_max_thresh;
 
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 5362ff80519..acf45efc4ba 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -675,8 +675,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000    # max number of row updates
 						# before vacuum; -1 disables max
-- 
2.34.1

From 1437cb0669e3f2aea13ca34fab7618ecb58a8f14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 19:22:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v7 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart <nathandbossart@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane <htamfids@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/Z7ZUWje-e1e_fKeu%40nathan#18ec7b0a585a16a58fe317b4ec42efe0
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml              | 22 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c    | 17 ++++++++---
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c              |  2 ++
 src/backend/catalog/index.c             | 18 ++++++++++--
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c          | 19 +++++++++----
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c          |  5 ++++
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c           |  6 ++++
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c      |  2 ++
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h          |  3 ++
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h           |  1 +
 11 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index ee59a7e15d0..e371cd905f2 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2066,6 +2066,28 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>, and a few
+       DDL commands such as <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE
+       INDEX</command></link>. Every all-frozen page must also be marked
+       all-visible in the visibility map, so internal processes will always
+       update <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> to a value less than or
+       equal to <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>. However, if either
+       field is updated manually, it is possible for
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> to exceed
+       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>. This will be corrected the
+       next time these estimates are updated internally.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 1af18a78a2b..ad01d7a2150 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -623,7 +623,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -898,10 +899,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -910,7 +918,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3720,7 +3729,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 956f196fc95..7ef6f0f1cba 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -924,6 +924,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -994,6 +995,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index cdabf780244..ac4d43fa3d3 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2794,8 +2794,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2813,6 +2813,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2852,7 +2853,13 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* An all-frozen block must be all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2925,6 +2932,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index cd75954951b..9c4755a96d5 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,18 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+		/*
+		 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count
+		 * of all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+		 */
+		if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+			relallfrozen = relallvisible;
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +652,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +669,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +685,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index 0239d9bae65..e81c9a8aba3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1427,6 +1427,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1476,6 +1477,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 046661d7c3f..e80fd52a876 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #define DEFAULT_RELPAGES Int32GetDatum(0)
 #define DEFAULT_RELTUPLES Float4GetDatum(-1.0)
 #define DEFAULT_RELALLVISIBLE Int32GetDatum(0)
+#define DEFAULT_RELALLFROZEN Int32GetDatum(0)
 
 /*
  * Positional argument numbers, names, and types for
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ enum relation_stats_argnum
 	RELPAGES_ARG,
 	RELTUPLES_ARG,
 	RELALLVISIBLE_ARG,
+	RELALLFROZEN_ARG,
 	NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS
 };
 
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ static struct StatsArgInfo relarginfo[] =
 	[RELPAGES_ARG] = {"relpages", INT4OID},
 	[RELTUPLES_ARG] = {"reltuples", FLOAT4OID},
 	[RELALLVISIBLE_ARG] = {"relallvisible", INT4OID},
+	[RELALLFROZEN_ARG] = {"relallfrozen", INT4OID},
 	[NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS] = {0}
 };
 
@@ -67,7 +70,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 	float		reltuples = DEFAULT_RELTUPLES;
 	bool		update_reltuples = false;
 	int32		relallvisible = DEFAULT_RELALLVISIBLE;
+	int32		relallfrozen = DEFAULT_RELALLFROZEN;
 	bool		update_relallvisible = false;
+	bool		update_relallfrozen = false;
 	bool		result = true;
 
 	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELPAGES_ARG))
@@ -120,6 +125,21 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			update_relallvisible = true;
 	}
 
+	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELALLFROZEN_ARG))
+	{
+		relallfrozen = PG_GETARG_INT32(RELALLFROZEN_ARG);
+
+		if (relallfrozen < 0)
+		{
+			ereport(elevel,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+					 errmsg("relallfrozen cannot be < 0")));
+			result = false;
+		}
+		else
+			update_relallfrozen = true;
+	}
+
 	stats_check_required_arg(fcinfo, relarginfo, RELATION_ARG);
 	reloid = PG_GETARG_OID(RELATION_ARG);
 
@@ -169,6 +189,11 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			pgcform->relallvisible = relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (update_relallfrozen && pgcform->relallfrozen != relallfrozen)
+		{
+			pgcform->relallfrozen = relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 
 		if (dirty)
 			systable_inplace_update_finish(inplace_state, ctup);
@@ -182,9 +207,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
 		HeapTuple	ctup;
 		Form_pg_class pgcform;
-		int			replaces[3] = {0};
-		Datum		values[3] = {0};
-		bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+		int			replaces[4] = {0};
+		Datum		values[4] = {0};
+		bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 		int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 		ctup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(reloid));
@@ -219,6 +244,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			nreplaces++;
 		}
 
+		if (update_relallfrozen && relallfrozen != pgcform->relallfrozen)
+		{
+			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+			values[nreplaces] = Int32GetDatum(relallfrozen);
+			nreplaces++;
+		}
+
 		if (nreplaces > 0)
 		{
 			HeapTuple	newtup;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 398114373e9..d1ae761b3f6 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1928,6 +1928,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3885,6 +3886,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fa96ba07bf4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/* # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date) */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 1571a66c6bf..baacc63f590 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
-- 
2.34.1

From eda45d2beb8bc79a117d252467f343047b33a06d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:27:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v8 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart <nathandbossart@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane <htamfids@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/Z7ZUWje-e1e_fKeu%40nathan#18ec7b0a585a16a58fe317b4ec42efe0
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml                 |  22 +++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c       |  17 +-
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c                 |   2 +
 src/backend/catalog/index.c                |  18 ++-
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c             |  19 ++-
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c             |   5 +
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c              |   6 +
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c    |  34 +++-
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c         |   2 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h             |   3 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat            |   4 +-
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h              |   1 +
 src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out | 175 +++++++++++++--------
 src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql      |  85 +++++++---
 14 files changed, 282 insertions(+), 111 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index ee59a7e15d0..e371cd905f2 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2066,6 +2066,28 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>, and a few
+       DDL commands such as <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE
+       INDEX</command></link>. Every all-frozen page must also be marked
+       all-visible in the visibility map, so internal processes will always
+       update <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> to a value less than or
+       equal to <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>. However, if either
+       field is updated manually, it is possible for
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> to exceed
+       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>. This will be corrected the
+       next time these estimates are updated internally.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 1af18a78a2b..ad01d7a2150 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -623,7 +623,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -898,10 +899,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -910,7 +918,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3720,7 +3729,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 956f196fc95..7ef6f0f1cba 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -924,6 +924,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -994,6 +995,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index f37b990c81d..e878541f432 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2793,8 +2793,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2812,6 +2812,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2851,7 +2852,13 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* An all-frozen block must be all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2924,6 +2931,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index cd75954951b..9c4755a96d5 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,18 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+		/*
+		 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count
+		 * of all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+		 */
+		if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+			relallfrozen = relallvisible;
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +652,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +669,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +685,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index 0239d9bae65..e81c9a8aba3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1427,6 +1427,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1476,6 +1477,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 1f6c5c39121..b3aaf73791c 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ enum relation_stats_argnum
 	RELPAGES_ARG,
 	RELTUPLES_ARG,
 	RELALLVISIBLE_ARG,
+	RELALLFROZEN_ARG,
 	NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS
 };
 
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ static struct StatsArgInfo relarginfo[] =
 	[RELPAGES_ARG] = {"relpages", INT4OID},
 	[RELTUPLES_ARG] = {"reltuples", FLOAT4OID},
 	[RELALLVISIBLE_ARG] = {"relallvisible", INT4OID},
+	[RELALLFROZEN_ARG] = {"relallfrozen", INT4OID},
 	[NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS] = {0}
 };
 
@@ -66,6 +68,8 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 	bool		update_reltuples = false;
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
 	bool		update_relallvisible = false;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
+	bool		update_relallfrozen = false;
 
 	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELPAGES_ARG))
 	{
@@ -93,6 +97,12 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		update_relallvisible = true;
 	}
 
+	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELALLFROZEN_ARG))
+	{
+		relallfrozen = PG_GETARG_UINT32(RELALLFROZEN_ARG);
+		update_relallfrozen = true;
+	}
+
 	stats_check_required_arg(fcinfo, relarginfo, RELATION_ARG);
 	reloid = PG_GETARG_OID(RELATION_ARG);
 
@@ -142,6 +152,11 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			pgcform->relallvisible = relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (update_relallfrozen && pgcform->relallfrozen != relallfrozen)
+		{
+			pgcform->relallfrozen = relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 
 		if (dirty)
 			systable_inplace_update_finish(inplace_state, ctup);
@@ -155,9 +170,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
 		HeapTuple	ctup;
 		Form_pg_class pgcform;
-		int			replaces[3] = {0};
-		Datum		values[3] = {0};
-		bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+		int			replaces[4] = {0};
+		Datum		values[4] = {0};
+		bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 		int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 		ctup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(reloid));
@@ -192,6 +207,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel, bool inplace)
 			nreplaces++;
 		}
 
+		if (update_relallfrozen && relallfrozen != pgcform->relallfrozen)
+		{
+			replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+			values[nreplaces] = UInt32GetDatum(relallfrozen);
+			nreplaces++;
+		}
+
 		if (nreplaces > 0)
 		{
 			HeapTuple	newtup;
@@ -230,9 +252,9 @@ pg_set_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 Datum
 pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 4);
+	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 5);
 
-	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 4, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
+	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 5, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
 
 	newfcinfo->args[0].value = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[0].isnull = PG_ARGISNULL(0);
@@ -242,6 +264,8 @@ pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	newfcinfo->args[2].isnull = false;
 	newfcinfo->args[3].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[3].isnull = false;
+	newfcinfo->args[4].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
+	newfcinfo->args[4].isnull = false;
 
 	relation_statistics_update(newfcinfo, ERROR, false);
 	PG_RETURN_VOID();
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 398114373e9..d1ae761b3f6 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1928,6 +1928,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3885,6 +3886,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fa96ba07bf4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/* # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date) */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index af9546de23d..a1b51cc973a 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12447,8 +12447,8 @@
   descr => 'set statistics on relation',
   proname => 'pg_set_relation_stats', provolatile => 'v', proisstrict => 'f',
   proparallel => 'u', prorettype => 'void',
-  proargtypes => 'regclass int4 float4 int4',
-  proargnames => '{relation,relpages,reltuples,relallvisible}',
+  proargtypes => 'regclass int4 float4 int4 int4',
+  proargnames => '{relation,relpages,reltuples,relallvisible,relallfrozen}',
   prosrc => 'pg_set_relation_stats' },
 { oid => '9945',
   descr => 'clear statistics on relation',
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 1571a66c6bf..baacc63f590 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
index 0e8491131e3..a88622f6680 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
     tags text[]
 ) WITH (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 -- error: regclass not found
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 0::Oid,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- relpages default
 SELECT
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -47,7 +49,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => NULL::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -59,7 +62,21 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => NULL::integer);
+        relallvisible => NULL::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
+ pg_set_relation_stats 
+-----------------------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+-- relallfrozen default
+SELECT
+    pg_catalog.pg_set_relation_stats(
+        relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        relpages => 17::integer,
+        reltuples => 400.0::real,
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => NULL::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -71,18 +88,19 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       17 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       17 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE INDEX test_i ON stats_import.test(id);
@@ -129,18 +147,19 @@ SELECT
         'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         18::integer,
         401.0::real,
-        5::integer);
+        5::integer,
+        3::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       18 |       401 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       18 |       401 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 -- test MVCC behavior: changes do not persist after abort (in contrast
@@ -151,19 +170,20 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 4000.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
 (1 row)
 
 ABORT;
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       18 |       401 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       18 |       401 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 BEGIN;
@@ -176,12 +196,12 @@ SELECT
 (1 row)
 
 ABORT;
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       18 |       401 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       18 |       401 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 -- clear
@@ -193,12 +213,12 @@ SELECT
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 -- invalid relkinds for statistics
@@ -788,7 +808,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 is NULL
 -- reject: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -796,7 +817,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 has type "integer", expected type "text"
 -- reject: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -804,6 +826,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 ERROR:  variadic arguments must be name/value pairs
 HINT:  Provide an even number of variadic arguments that can be divided into pairs.
@@ -813,7 +836,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- ok: set all stats
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -821,18 +845,19 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       17 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       17 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relpages
@@ -845,12 +870,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       15 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       15 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- test non-MVCC behavior: new value should persist after abort
@@ -865,12 +890,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
 (1 row)
 
 ABORT;
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just reltuples
@@ -883,12 +908,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relallvisible
@@ -901,12 +926,30 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            2
+(1 row)
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+ pg_restore_relation_stats 
+---------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 -- warn and error: unrecognized argument name
@@ -924,19 +967,20 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 WARNING:  argument "relpages" has type "text", expected type "integer"
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  f
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- error: object does not exist
@@ -1510,7 +1554,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
@@ -1694,12 +1739,12 @@ WHERE s.starelid = 'stats_import.is_odd'::regclass;
 (0 rows)
 
 --
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        1 |         4 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        1 |         4 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 --
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
index 5e24c779d80..a95ec7608ba 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
 ) WITH (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 0::Oid,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- relpages default
 SELECT
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- reltuples default
 SELECT
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => NULL::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- relallvisible default
 SELECT
@@ -50,7 +53,17 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => NULL::integer);
+        relallvisible => NULL::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
+
+-- relallfrozen default
+SELECT
+    pg_catalog.pg_set_relation_stats(
+        relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        relpages => 17::integer,
+        reltuples => 400.0::real,
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => NULL::integer);
 
 -- named arguments
 SELECT
@@ -58,9 +71,10 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -94,9 +108,10 @@ SELECT
         'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         18::integer,
         401.0::real,
-        5::integer);
+        5::integer,
+        3::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -108,10 +123,11 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 4000.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 ABORT;
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -121,7 +137,7 @@ SELECT
         'stats_import.test'::regclass);
 ABORT;
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -130,7 +146,7 @@ SELECT
     pg_catalog.pg_clear_relation_stats(
         'stats_import.test'::regclass);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -610,7 +626,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- reject: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -618,7 +635,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- reject: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -626,6 +644,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 
 -- reject: object doesn't exist
@@ -634,7 +653,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- ok: set all stats
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -642,9 +662,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -654,7 +675,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '15'::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -666,7 +687,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'relpages', '16'::integer);
 ABORT;
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -676,7 +697,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'reltuples', '500'::real);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -686,7 +707,17 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relallvisible', 5::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -704,9 +735,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -1127,7 +1159,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
 
 -- Generate statistics on table with data
@@ -1282,7 +1315,7 @@ JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = s.starelid AND a.attnum = s.staattnum
 WHERE s.starelid = 'stats_import.is_odd'::regclass;
 
 --
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
-- 
2.34.1

From c950c451a0e9d89854a94fcf86a5159982456cd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v8 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++------
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index a8354576108..9d8e42cd3db 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8745,14 +8745,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index ddb303f5201..0aca7d78b90 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2938,7 +2938,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3052,7 +3051,11 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3061,11 +3064,29 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If we have data for relallfrozen, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && relallfrozen > 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * It could be the stats were updated manually and relallfrozen >
+			 * relpages. Clamp relallfrozen to relpages to avoid nonsensical
+			 * calculations.
+			 */
+			relallfrozen = Min(relallfrozen, relpages);
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
 		if (vac_max_thresh >= 0 && vacthresh > (float4) vac_max_thresh)
 			vacthresh = (float4) vac_max_thresh;
 
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index e771d87da1f..13bd844b66c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -674,8 +674,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000    # max number of row updates
 						# before vacuum; -1 disables max
-- 
2.34.1

From de1d6c8779a3c4082f41d74f25854970ed1a6190 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:27:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v9 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart <nathandbossart@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane <htamfids@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/Z7ZUWje-e1e_fKeu%40nathan#18ec7b0a585a16a58fe317b4ec42efe0
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml                 |  22 +++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c       |  17 ++-
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c                 |   2 +
 src/backend/catalog/index.c                |  18 ++-
 src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql   |   3 +-
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c             |  19 ++-
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c             |   5 +
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c              |   6 +
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c    |  29 +++-
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c         |   2 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h             |   3 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat            |   4 +-
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h              |   1 +
 src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out | 148 +++++++++++++--------
 src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql      |  76 ++++++++---
 15 files changed, 260 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index ee59a7e15d0..e371cd905f2 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2066,6 +2066,28 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>, and a few
+       DDL commands such as <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE
+       INDEX</command></link>. Every all-frozen page must also be marked
+       all-visible in the visibility map, so internal processes will always
+       update <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> to a value less than or
+       equal to <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>. However, if either
+       field is updated manually, it is possible for
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> to exceed
+       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>. This will be corrected the
+       next time these estimates are updated internally.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 1af18a78a2b..ad01d7a2150 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -623,7 +623,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -898,10 +899,17 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -910,7 +918,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3720,7 +3729,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 956f196fc95..7ef6f0f1cba 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -924,6 +924,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -994,6 +995,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index f37b990c81d..e878541f432 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2793,8 +2793,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2812,6 +2812,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2851,7 +2852,13 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+		{
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+			/* An all-frozen block must be all-visible in the VM */
+			if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+				relallfrozen = relallvisible;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2924,6 +2931,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql b/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql
index 591157b1d1b..d0f84323e0a 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql
@@ -640,7 +640,8 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION
   pg_set_relation_stats(relation regclass,
                         relpages integer DEFAULT NULL,
                         reltuples real DEFAULT NULL,
-                        relallvisible integer DEFAULT NULL)
+                        relallvisible integer DEFAULT NULL,
+                        relallfrozen integer DEFAULT NULL)
 RETURNS void
 LANGUAGE INTERNAL
 CALLED ON NULL INPUT VOLATILE
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index cd75954951b..9c4755a96d5 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,18 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
+
+		/*
+		 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count
+		 * of all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks.
+		 */
+		if (relallfrozen > relallvisible)
+			relallfrozen = relallvisible;
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +652,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +669,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +685,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index 0239d9bae65..e81c9a8aba3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1427,6 +1427,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1476,6 +1477,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 66731290a3e..2d5fb4efddb 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ enum relation_stats_argnum
 	RELPAGES_ARG,
 	RELTUPLES_ARG,
 	RELALLVISIBLE_ARG,
+	RELALLFROZEN_ARG,
 	NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS
 };
 
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ static struct StatsArgInfo relarginfo[] =
 	[RELPAGES_ARG] = {"relpages", INT4OID},
 	[RELTUPLES_ARG] = {"reltuples", FLOAT4OID},
 	[RELALLVISIBLE_ARG] = {"relallvisible", INT4OID},
+	[RELALLFROZEN_ARG] = {"relallfrozen", INT4OID},
 	[NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS] = {0}
 };
 
@@ -65,11 +67,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 	bool		update_reltuples = false;
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
 	bool		update_relallvisible = false;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
+	bool		update_relallfrozen = false;
 	HeapTuple	ctup;
 	Form_pg_class pgcform;
-	int			replaces[3] = {0};
-	Datum		values[3] = {0};
-	bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+	int			replaces[4] = {0};
+	Datum		values[4] = {0};
+	bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 	int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELPAGES_ARG))
@@ -98,6 +102,12 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 		update_relallvisible = true;
 	}
 
+	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELALLFROZEN_ARG))
+	{
+		relallfrozen = PG_GETARG_UINT32(RELALLFROZEN_ARG);
+		update_relallfrozen = true;
+	}
+
 	stats_check_required_arg(fcinfo, relarginfo, RELATION_ARG);
 	reloid = PG_GETARG_OID(RELATION_ARG);
 
@@ -148,6 +158,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 		nreplaces++;
 	}
 
+	if (update_relallfrozen && relallfrozen != pgcform->relallfrozen)
+	{
+		replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+		values[nreplaces] = UInt32GetDatum(relallfrozen);
+		nreplaces++;
+	}
+
 	if (nreplaces > 0)
 	{
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
@@ -186,9 +203,9 @@ pg_set_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 Datum
 pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 4);
+	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 5);
 
-	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 4, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
+	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 5, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
 
 	newfcinfo->args[0].value = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[0].isnull = PG_ARGISNULL(0);
@@ -198,6 +215,8 @@ pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	newfcinfo->args[2].isnull = false;
 	newfcinfo->args[3].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[3].isnull = false;
+	newfcinfo->args[4].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
+	newfcinfo->args[4].isnull = false;
 
 	relation_statistics_update(newfcinfo, ERROR);
 	PG_RETURN_VOID();
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 398114373e9..d1ae761b3f6 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1928,6 +1928,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3885,6 +3886,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fa96ba07bf4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/* # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date) */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index af9546de23d..a1b51cc973a 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12447,8 +12447,8 @@
   descr => 'set statistics on relation',
   proname => 'pg_set_relation_stats', provolatile => 'v', proisstrict => 'f',
   proparallel => 'u', prorettype => 'void',
-  proargtypes => 'regclass int4 float4 int4',
-  proargnames => '{relation,relpages,reltuples,relallvisible}',
+  proargtypes => 'regclass int4 float4 int4 int4',
+  proargnames => '{relation,relpages,reltuples,relallvisible,relallfrozen}',
   prosrc => 'pg_set_relation_stats' },
 { oid => '9945',
   descr => 'clear statistics on relation',
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 1571a66c6bf..baacc63f590 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
index d6713eacc2c..944fec03050 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
     tags text[]
 ) WITH (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 -- error: regclass not found
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 0::Oid,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- relpages default
 SELECT
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -47,7 +49,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => NULL::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -59,7 +62,21 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => NULL::integer);
+        relallvisible => NULL::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
+ pg_set_relation_stats 
+-----------------------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+-- relallfrozen default
+SELECT
+    pg_catalog.pg_set_relation_stats(
+        relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        relpages => 17::integer,
+        reltuples => 400.0::real,
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => NULL::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -71,18 +88,19 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       17 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       17 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE INDEX test_i ON stats_import.test(id);
@@ -129,18 +147,19 @@ SELECT
         'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         18::integer,
         401.0::real,
-        5::integer);
+        5::integer,
+        3::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       18 |       401 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       18 |       401 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
@@ -160,12 +179,12 @@ SELECT
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 -- invalid relkinds for statistics
@@ -755,7 +774,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 is NULL
 -- reject: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -763,7 +783,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 has type "integer", expected type "text"
 -- reject: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -771,6 +792,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 ERROR:  variadic arguments must be name/value pairs
 HINT:  Provide an even number of variadic arguments that can be divided into pairs.
@@ -780,7 +802,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- ok: set all stats
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -788,18 +811,19 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       17 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       17 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relpages
@@ -812,12 +836,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just reltuples
@@ -830,12 +854,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relallvisible
@@ -848,12 +872,30 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            2
+(1 row)
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+ pg_restore_relation_stats 
+---------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 -- warn and error: unrecognized argument name
@@ -871,19 +913,20 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 WARNING:  argument "relpages" has type "text", expected type "integer"
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  f
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- error: object does not exist
@@ -1457,7 +1500,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
@@ -1641,12 +1685,12 @@ WHERE s.starelid = 'stats_import.is_odd'::regclass;
 (0 rows)
 
 --
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        1 |         4 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        1 |         4 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 --
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
index 9740ab3ff02..dc909003784 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
 ) WITH (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 0::Oid,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- relpages default
 SELECT
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- reltuples default
 SELECT
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => NULL::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- relallvisible default
 SELECT
@@ -50,7 +53,17 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => NULL::integer);
+        relallvisible => NULL::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
+
+-- relallfrozen default
+SELECT
+    pg_catalog.pg_set_relation_stats(
+        relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        relpages => 17::integer,
+        reltuples => 400.0::real,
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => NULL::integer);
 
 -- named arguments
 SELECT
@@ -58,9 +71,10 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -94,9 +108,10 @@ SELECT
         'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         18::integer,
         401.0::real,
-        5::integer);
+        5::integer,
+        3::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ SELECT
     pg_catalog.pg_clear_relation_stats(
         'stats_import.test'::regclass);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -589,7 +604,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- reject: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -597,7 +613,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- reject: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -605,6 +622,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 
 -- reject: object doesn't exist
@@ -613,7 +631,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- ok: set all stats
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -621,9 +640,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -633,7 +653,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '16'::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -643,7 +663,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'reltuples', '500'::real);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -653,7 +673,17 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relallvisible', 5::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -671,9 +701,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -1094,7 +1125,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
 
 -- Generate statistics on table with data
@@ -1249,7 +1281,7 @@ JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = s.starelid AND a.attnum = s.staattnum
 WHERE s.starelid = 'stats_import.is_odd'::regclass;
 
 --
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
-- 
2.34.1

From 59f301f9145622a91908c63b88354785ecfb69b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v9 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++------
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index a8354576108..9d8e42cd3db 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8745,14 +8745,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index ddb303f5201..0aca7d78b90 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2938,7 +2938,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3052,7 +3051,11 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3061,11 +3064,29 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If we have data for relallfrozen, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && relallfrozen > 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * It could be the stats were updated manually and relallfrozen >
+			 * relpages. Clamp relallfrozen to relpages to avoid nonsensical
+			 * calculations.
+			 */
+			relallfrozen = Min(relallfrozen, relpages);
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
 		if (vac_max_thresh >= 0 && vacthresh > (float4) vac_max_thresh)
 			vacthresh = (float4) vac_max_thresh;
 
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index e771d87da1f..13bd844b66c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -674,8 +674,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000    # max number of row updates
 						# before vacuum; -1 disables max
-- 
2.34.1

From bdeafa6bffbcbb895ceba5acc8433695ef1e29bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v10 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++------
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index a8354576108..9d8e42cd3db 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8745,14 +8745,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index ddb303f5201..0aca7d78b90 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2938,7 +2938,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3052,7 +3051,11 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3061,11 +3064,29 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If we have data for relallfrozen, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && relallfrozen > 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * It could be the stats were updated manually and relallfrozen >
+			 * relpages. Clamp relallfrozen to relpages to avoid nonsensical
+			 * calculations.
+			 */
+			relallfrozen = Min(relallfrozen, relpages);
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
 		if (vac_max_thresh >= 0 && vacthresh > (float4) vac_max_thresh)
 			vacthresh = (float4) vac_max_thresh;
 
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index e771d87da1f..13bd844b66c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -674,8 +674,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000    # max number of row updates
 						# before vacuum; -1 disables max
-- 
2.34.1

From b73b959ffaef4a7da6f297042273b32b5ba23c25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:27:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v10 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart <nathandbossart@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane <htamfids@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/Z7ZUWje-e1e_fKeu%40nathan#18ec7b0a585a16a58fe317b4ec42efe0
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml                 |  21 +++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c       |  18 ++-
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c                 |   2 +
 src/backend/catalog/index.c                |  12 +-
 src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql   |   3 +-
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c             |  12 +-
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c             |   5 +
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c              |   6 +
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c    |  29 +++-
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c         |   2 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h             |   3 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat            |   4 +-
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h              |   1 +
 src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out | 148 +++++++++++++--------
 src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql      |  76 ++++++++---
 15 files changed, 247 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index ee59a7e15d0..bdf27724585 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2066,6 +2066,27 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>, and a few
+       DDL commands such as <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE
+       INDEX</command></link>. Every all-frozen page must also be marked
+       all-visible in the visibility map, so
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> should be less than or equal to
+       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>. However, if either field is
+       updated manually or if the visibility map is corrupted, it is possible
+       for <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> to exceed
+       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield>.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 1af18a78a2b..3b91d02605a 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -623,7 +623,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -898,10 +899,18 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks. This matches the
+	 * clamping of relallvisible above.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -910,7 +919,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3720,7 +3730,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 956f196fc95..7ef6f0f1cba 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -924,6 +924,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -994,6 +995,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index f37b990c81d..8e1741c81f5 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2793,8 +2793,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2812,6 +2812,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2851,7 +2852,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2924,6 +2925,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql b/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql
index 591157b1d1b..d0f84323e0a 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql
@@ -640,7 +640,8 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION
   pg_set_relation_stats(relation regclass,
                         relpages integer DEFAULT NULL,
                         reltuples real DEFAULT NULL,
-                        relallvisible integer DEFAULT NULL)
+                        relallvisible integer DEFAULT NULL,
+                        relallfrozen integer DEFAULT NULL)
 RETURNS void
 LANGUAGE INTERNAL
 CALLED ON NULL INPUT VOLATILE
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index cd75954951b..2b5fbdcbd82 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,11 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +645,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index 0239d9bae65..e81c9a8aba3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1427,6 +1427,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1476,6 +1477,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 66731290a3e..2d5fb4efddb 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ enum relation_stats_argnum
 	RELPAGES_ARG,
 	RELTUPLES_ARG,
 	RELALLVISIBLE_ARG,
+	RELALLFROZEN_ARG,
 	NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS
 };
 
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ static struct StatsArgInfo relarginfo[] =
 	[RELPAGES_ARG] = {"relpages", INT4OID},
 	[RELTUPLES_ARG] = {"reltuples", FLOAT4OID},
 	[RELALLVISIBLE_ARG] = {"relallvisible", INT4OID},
+	[RELALLFROZEN_ARG] = {"relallfrozen", INT4OID},
 	[NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS] = {0}
 };
 
@@ -65,11 +67,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 	bool		update_reltuples = false;
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
 	bool		update_relallvisible = false;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
+	bool		update_relallfrozen = false;
 	HeapTuple	ctup;
 	Form_pg_class pgcform;
-	int			replaces[3] = {0};
-	Datum		values[3] = {0};
-	bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+	int			replaces[4] = {0};
+	Datum		values[4] = {0};
+	bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 	int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELPAGES_ARG))
@@ -98,6 +102,12 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 		update_relallvisible = true;
 	}
 
+	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELALLFROZEN_ARG))
+	{
+		relallfrozen = PG_GETARG_UINT32(RELALLFROZEN_ARG);
+		update_relallfrozen = true;
+	}
+
 	stats_check_required_arg(fcinfo, relarginfo, RELATION_ARG);
 	reloid = PG_GETARG_OID(RELATION_ARG);
 
@@ -148,6 +158,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int elevel)
 		nreplaces++;
 	}
 
+	if (update_relallfrozen && relallfrozen != pgcform->relallfrozen)
+	{
+		replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+		values[nreplaces] = UInt32GetDatum(relallfrozen);
+		nreplaces++;
+	}
+
 	if (nreplaces > 0)
 	{
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
@@ -186,9 +203,9 @@ pg_set_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 Datum
 pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 4);
+	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 5);
 
-	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 4, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
+	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 5, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
 
 	newfcinfo->args[0].value = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[0].isnull = PG_ARGISNULL(0);
@@ -198,6 +215,8 @@ pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	newfcinfo->args[2].isnull = false;
 	newfcinfo->args[3].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[3].isnull = false;
+	newfcinfo->args[4].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
+	newfcinfo->args[4].isnull = false;
 
 	relation_statistics_update(newfcinfo, ERROR);
 	PG_RETURN_VOID();
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 398114373e9..d1ae761b3f6 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1928,6 +1928,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3885,6 +3886,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fa96ba07bf4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/* # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date) */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index af9546de23d..a1b51cc973a 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12447,8 +12447,8 @@
   descr => 'set statistics on relation',
   proname => 'pg_set_relation_stats', provolatile => 'v', proisstrict => 'f',
   proparallel => 'u', prorettype => 'void',
-  proargtypes => 'regclass int4 float4 int4',
-  proargnames => '{relation,relpages,reltuples,relallvisible}',
+  proargtypes => 'regclass int4 float4 int4 int4',
+  proargnames => '{relation,relpages,reltuples,relallvisible,relallfrozen}',
   prosrc => 'pg_set_relation_stats' },
 { oid => '9945',
   descr => 'clear statistics on relation',
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 1571a66c6bf..baacc63f590 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
index d6713eacc2c..944fec03050 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
     tags text[]
 ) WITH (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 -- error: regclass not found
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 0::Oid,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- relpages default
 SELECT
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -47,7 +49,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => NULL::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -59,7 +62,21 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => NULL::integer);
+        relallvisible => NULL::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
+ pg_set_relation_stats 
+-----------------------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+-- relallfrozen default
+SELECT
+    pg_catalog.pg_set_relation_stats(
+        relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        relpages => 17::integer,
+        reltuples => 400.0::real,
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => NULL::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
@@ -71,18 +88,19 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       17 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       17 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE INDEX test_i ON stats_import.test(id);
@@ -129,18 +147,19 @@ SELECT
         'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         18::integer,
         401.0::real,
-        5::integer);
+        5::integer,
+        3::integer);
  pg_set_relation_stats 
 -----------------------
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       18 |       401 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       18 |       401 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
@@ -160,12 +179,12 @@ SELECT
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 -- invalid relkinds for statistics
@@ -755,7 +774,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 is NULL
 -- reject: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -763,7 +783,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 has type "integer", expected type "text"
 -- reject: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -771,6 +792,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 ERROR:  variadic arguments must be name/value pairs
 HINT:  Provide an even number of variadic arguments that can be divided into pairs.
@@ -780,7 +802,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- ok: set all stats
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -788,18 +811,19 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       17 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       17 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relpages
@@ -812,12 +836,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just reltuples
@@ -830,12 +854,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relallvisible
@@ -848,12 +872,30 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            2
+(1 row)
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+ pg_restore_relation_stats 
+---------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 -- warn and error: unrecognized argument name
@@ -871,19 +913,20 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 WARNING:  argument "relpages" has type "text", expected type "integer"
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  f
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- error: object does not exist
@@ -1457,7 +1500,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
@@ -1641,12 +1685,12 @@ WHERE s.starelid = 'stats_import.is_odd'::regclass;
 (0 rows)
 
 --
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        1 |         4 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        1 |         4 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 --
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
index 9740ab3ff02..dc909003784 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
 ) WITH (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 0::Oid,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- relpages default
 SELECT
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => NULL::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- reltuples default
 SELECT
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => NULL::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
 -- relallvisible default
 SELECT
@@ -50,7 +53,17 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => NULL::integer);
+        relallvisible => NULL::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
+
+-- relallfrozen default
+SELECT
+    pg_catalog.pg_set_relation_stats(
+        relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        relpages => 17::integer,
+        reltuples => 400.0::real,
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => NULL::integer);
 
 -- named arguments
 SELECT
@@ -58,9 +71,10 @@ SELECT
         relation => 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         relpages => 17::integer,
         reltuples => 400.0::real,
-        relallvisible => 4::integer);
+        relallvisible => 4::integer,
+        relallfrozen => 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -94,9 +108,10 @@ SELECT
         'stats_import.test'::regclass,
         18::integer,
         401.0::real,
-        5::integer);
+        5::integer,
+        3::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ SELECT
     pg_catalog.pg_clear_relation_stats(
         'stats_import.test'::regclass);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -589,7 +604,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- reject: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -597,7 +613,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- reject: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -605,6 +622,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 
 -- reject: object doesn't exist
@@ -613,7 +631,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
 -- ok: set all stats
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -621,9 +640,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -633,7 +653,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '16'::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -643,7 +663,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'reltuples', '500'::real);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -653,7 +673,17 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relallvisible', 5::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -671,9 +701,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -1094,7 +1125,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
 
 -- Generate statistics on table with data
@@ -1249,7 +1281,7 @@ JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = s.starelid AND a.attnum = s.staattnum
 WHERE s.starelid = 'stats_import.is_odd'::regclass;
 
 --
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
-- 
2.34.1

From 957551f8987a090f043587202265210c2406572c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v11 2/2] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane
---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 16 +++++------
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index e55700f35b8..6469e473903 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8773,14 +8773,14 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+        Specifies a fraction of the active (unfrozen) table size to add to
+        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
+        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
+        The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of active table size).
+        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+        file or on the server command line;
+        but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index ddb303f5201..0aca7d78b90 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2938,7 +2938,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3052,7 +3051,11 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3061,11 +3064,29 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If we have data for relallfrozen, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && relallfrozen > 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * It could be the stats were updated manually and relallfrozen >
+			 * relpages. Clamp relallfrozen to relpages to avoid nonsensical
+			 * calculations.
+			 */
+			relallfrozen = Min(relallfrozen, relpages);
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
 		if (vac_max_thresh >= 0 && vacthresh > (float4) vac_max_thresh)
 			vacthresh = (float4) vac_max_thresh;
 
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 5362ff80519..acf45efc4ba 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -675,8 +675,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over active
+						# table size before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000    # max number of row updates
 						# before vacuum; -1 disables max
-- 
2.34.1

From d1aa09c5250ae688e4b7d2102402432b5d5d8dcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:27:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v11 1/2] Add relallfrozen to pg_class

Add relallfrozen, an estimate of the number of pages marked all-frozen
in the visibility map.

pg_class already has relallvisible, an estimate of the number of pages
in the relation marked all-visible in the visibility map. This is used
primarily for planning.

relallfrozen, however, is useful for estimating the outstanding number
of all-visible but not all-frozen pages in the relation for the purposes
of scheduling manual VACUUMs and tuning vacuum freeze parameters.

In the future, this field could be used to trigger more frequent vacuums
on insert-focused workloads with significant volume of frozen data.

Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart <nathandbossart@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane <htamfids@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Robert Treat <rob@xzilla.net>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/Z7ZUWje-e1e_fKeu%40nathan#18ec7b0a585a16a58fe317b4ec42efe0
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml                 |  15 +++
 src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c       |  18 +++-
 src/backend/catalog/heap.c                 |   2 +
 src/backend/catalog/index.c                |  12 ++-
 src/backend/commands/analyze.c             |  12 +--
 src/backend/commands/cluster.c             |   5 +
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c              |   6 ++
 src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c    |  29 +++++-
 src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c         |   2 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h             |   3 +
 src/include/commands/vacuum.h              |   1 +
 src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out | 102 +++++++++++++--------
 src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql      |  52 +++++++----
 13 files changed, 188 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index ee59a7e15d0..3328dd4478e 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2066,6 +2066,21 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>relallfrozen</structfield> <type>int4</type>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It is
+       updated by <link linkend="sql-vacuum"><command>VACUUM</command></link>,
+       <link linkend="sql-analyze"><command>ANALYZE</command></link>, and a few
+       DDL commands such as <link linkend="sql-createindex"><command>CREATE
+       INDEX</command></link>.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>reltoastrelid</structfield> <type>oid</type>
diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
index 1af18a78a2b..3b91d02605a 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
@@ -623,7 +623,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 				minmulti_updated;
 	BlockNumber orig_rel_pages,
 				new_rel_pages,
-				new_rel_allvisible;
+				new_rel_allvisible,
+				new_rel_allfrozen;
 	PGRUsage	ru0;
 	TimestampTz starttime = 0;
 	PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0,
@@ -898,10 +899,18 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * pg_class.relpages to
 	 */
 	new_rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;	/* After possible rel truncation */
-	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
+	visibilitymap_count(rel, &new_rel_allvisible, &new_rel_allfrozen);
 	if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
 		new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
 
+	/*
+	 * An all-frozen block _must_ be all-visible. As such, clamp the count of
+	 * all-frozen blocks to the count of all-visible blocks. This matches the
+	 * clamping of relallvisible above.
+	 */
+	if (new_rel_allfrozen > new_rel_allvisible)
+		new_rel_allfrozen = new_rel_allvisible;
+
 	/*
 	 * Now actually update rel's pg_class entry.
 	 *
@@ -910,7 +919,8 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * scan every page that isn't skipped using the visibility map.
 	 */
 	vac_update_relstats(rel, new_rel_pages, vacrel->new_live_tuples,
-						new_rel_allvisible, vacrel->nindexes > 0,
+						new_rel_allvisible, new_rel_allfrozen,
+						vacrel->nindexes > 0,
 						vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid, vacrel->NewRelminMxid,
 						&frozenxid_updated, &minmulti_updated, false);
 
@@ -3720,7 +3730,7 @@ update_relstats_all_indexes(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		vac_update_relstats(indrel,
 							istat->num_pages,
 							istat->num_index_tuples,
-							0,
+							0, 0,
 							false,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
index 956f196fc95..7ef6f0f1cba 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/heap.c
@@ -924,6 +924,7 @@ InsertPgClassTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relpages - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relpages);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltuples - 1] = Float4GetDatum(rd_rel->reltuples);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relallvisible - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallvisible);
+	values[Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen - 1] = Int32GetDatum(rd_rel->relallfrozen);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_reltoastrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relhasindex - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relhasindex);
 	values[Anum_pg_class_relisshared - 1] = BoolGetDatum(rd_rel->relisshared);
@@ -994,6 +995,7 @@ AddNewRelationTuple(Relation pg_class_desc,
 	new_rel_reltup->relpages = 0;
 	new_rel_reltup->reltuples = -1;
 	new_rel_reltup->relallvisible = 0;
+	new_rel_reltup->relallfrozen = 0;
 
 	/* Sequences always have a known size */
 	if (relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index f37b990c81d..8e1741c81f5 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -2793,8 +2793,8 @@ FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
  * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
  * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
  *
- * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
- * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
+ * If reltuples >= 0, relpages, relallvisible, and relallfrozen are also
+ * updated (using RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
  *
  * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
  * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
@@ -2812,6 +2812,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 	bool		update_stats;
 	BlockNumber relpages = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 	Oid			relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	Relation	pg_class;
 	ScanKeyData key[1];
@@ -2851,7 +2852,7 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 		relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 		if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
-			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
+			visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2924,6 +2925,11 @@ index_update_stats(Relation rel,
 			rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
 			dirty = true;
 		}
+		if (rd_rel->relallfrozen != (int32) relallfrozen)
+		{
+			rd_rel->relallfrozen = (int32) relallfrozen;
+			dirty = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
index cd75954951b..2b5fbdcbd82 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/analyze.c
@@ -630,12 +630,11 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 */
 	if (!inh)
 	{
-		BlockNumber relallvisible;
+		BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
+		BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
 
 		if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
-			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, NULL);
-		else
-			relallvisible = 0;
+			visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
 
 		/*
 		 * Update pg_class for table relation.  CCI first, in case acquirefunc
@@ -646,6 +645,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 							relpages,
 							totalrows,
 							relallvisible,
+							relallfrozen,
 							hasindex,
 							InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 			vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
 								RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
 								totalindexrows,
-								0,
+								0, 0,
 								false,
 								InvalidTransactionId,
 								InvalidMultiXactId,
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 		 */
 		CommandCounterIncrement();
 		vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1, totalrows,
-							0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
+							0, 0, hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
 							InvalidMultiXactId,
 							NULL, NULL,
 							in_outer_xact);
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
index 99193f5c886..54a08e4102e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/cluster.c
@@ -1226,6 +1226,7 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		int32		swap_pages;
 		float4		swap_tuples;
 		int32		swap_allvisible;
+		int32		swap_allfrozen;
 
 		swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
 		relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
@@ -1238,6 +1239,10 @@ swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
 		swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
 		relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
 		relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
+
+		swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
+		relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
+		relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index 0239d9bae65..e81c9a8aba3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1427,6 +1427,7 @@ void
 vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 					BlockNumber num_pages, double num_tuples,
 					BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+					BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 					bool hasindex, TransactionId frozenxid,
 					MultiXactId minmulti,
 					bool *frozenxid_updated, bool *minmulti_updated,
@@ -1476,6 +1477,11 @@ vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 		pgcform->relallvisible = (int32) num_all_visible_pages;
 		dirty = true;
 	}
+	if (pgcform->relallfrozen != (int32) num_all_frozen_pages)
+	{
+		pgcform->relallfrozen = (int32) num_all_frozen_pages;
+		dirty = true;
+	}
 
 	/* Apply DDL updates, but not inside an outer transaction (see above) */
 
diff --git a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
index 11b1ef2dbc2..2c1cea3fc80 100644
--- a/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
+++ b/src/backend/statistics/relation_stats.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ enum relation_stats_argnum
 	RELPAGES_ARG,
 	RELTUPLES_ARG,
 	RELALLVISIBLE_ARG,
+	RELALLFROZEN_ARG,
 	NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS
 };
 
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ static struct StatsArgInfo relarginfo[] =
 	[RELPAGES_ARG] = {"relpages", INT4OID},
 	[RELTUPLES_ARG] = {"reltuples", FLOAT4OID},
 	[RELALLVISIBLE_ARG] = {"relallvisible", INT4OID},
+	[RELALLFROZEN_ARG] = {"relallfrozen", INT4OID},
 	[NUM_RELATION_STATS_ARGS] = {0}
 };
 
@@ -65,11 +67,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
 	bool		update_reltuples = false;
 	BlockNumber relallvisible = 0;
 	bool		update_relallvisible = false;
+	BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0;
+	bool		update_relallfrozen = false;
 	HeapTuple	ctup;
 	Form_pg_class pgcform;
-	int			replaces[3] = {0};
-	Datum		values[3] = {0};
-	bool		nulls[3] = {0};
+	int			replaces[4] = {0};
+	Datum		values[4] = {0};
+	bool		nulls[4] = {0};
 	int			nreplaces = 0;
 
 	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELPAGES_ARG))
@@ -98,6 +102,12 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
 		update_relallvisible = true;
 	}
 
+	if (!PG_ARGISNULL(RELALLFROZEN_ARG))
+	{
+		relallfrozen = PG_GETARG_UINT32(RELALLFROZEN_ARG);
+		update_relallfrozen = true;
+	}
+
 	stats_check_required_arg(fcinfo, relarginfo, RELATION_ARG);
 	reloid = PG_GETARG_OID(RELATION_ARG);
 
@@ -148,6 +158,13 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
 		nreplaces++;
 	}
 
+	if (update_relallfrozen && relallfrozen != pgcform->relallfrozen)
+	{
+		replaces[nreplaces] = Anum_pg_class_relallfrozen;
+		values[nreplaces] = UInt32GetDatum(relallfrozen);
+		nreplaces++;
+	}
+
 	if (nreplaces > 0)
 	{
 		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(crel);
@@ -176,9 +193,9 @@ relation_statistics_update(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
 Datum
 pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 4);
+	LOCAL_FCINFO(newfcinfo, 5);
 
-	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 4, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
+	InitFunctionCallInfoData(*newfcinfo, NULL, 5, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);
 
 	newfcinfo->args[0].value = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[0].isnull = PG_ARGISNULL(0);
@@ -188,6 +205,8 @@ pg_clear_relation_stats(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	newfcinfo->args[2].isnull = false;
 	newfcinfo->args[3].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
 	newfcinfo->args[3].isnull = false;
+	newfcinfo->args[4].value = UInt32GetDatum(0);
+	newfcinfo->args[4].isnull = false;
 
 	relation_statistics_update(newfcinfo);
 	PG_RETURN_VOID();
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
index 398114373e9..d1ae761b3f6 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c
@@ -1928,6 +1928,7 @@ formrdesc(const char *relationName, Oid relationReltype,
 	relation->rd_rel->relpages = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->reltuples = -1;
 	relation->rd_rel->relallvisible = 0;
+	relation->rd_rel->relallfrozen = 0;
 	relation->rd_rel->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;
 	relation->rd_rel->relnatts = (int16) natts;
 
@@ -3885,6 +3886,7 @@ RelationSetNewRelfilenumber(Relation relation, char persistence)
 			classform->relpages = 0;	/* it's empty until further notice */
 			classform->reltuples = -1;
 			classform->relallvisible = 0;
+			classform->relallfrozen = 0;
 		}
 		classform->relfrozenxid = freezeXid;
 		classform->relminmxid = minmulti;
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca487..fa96ba07bf4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	/* # of all-visible blocks (not always up-to-date) */
 	int32		relallvisible BKI_DEFAULT(0);
 
+	/* # of all-frozen blocks (not always up-to-date) */
+	int32		relallfrozen BKI_DEFAULT(0);
+
 	/* OID of toast table; 0 if none */
 	Oid			reltoastrelid BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
diff --git a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
index 1571a66c6bf..baacc63f590 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/vacuum.h
@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ extern void vac_update_relstats(Relation relation,
 								BlockNumber num_pages,
 								double num_tuples,
 								BlockNumber num_all_visible_pages,
+								BlockNumber num_all_frozen_pages,
 								bool hasindex,
 								TransactionId frozenxid,
 								MultiXactId minmulti,
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
index 7e8b7f429c9..d48d83f4c47 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/stats_import.out
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
 ) WITH (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 CREATE INDEX test_i ON stats_import.test(id);
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 BEGIN;
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ SELECT
  
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-        0 |        -1 |             0
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+        0 |        -1 |             0 |            0
 (1 row)
 
 --  relpages may be -1 for partitioned tables
@@ -170,18 +170,19 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       17 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       17 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relpages
@@ -194,12 +195,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just reltuples
@@ -212,12 +213,12 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- ok: just relallvisible
@@ -230,12 +231,30 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       500 |             5
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            2
+(1 row)
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+ pg_restore_relation_stats 
+---------------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       500 |             5 |            3
 (1 row)
 
 -- warn: bad relpages type
@@ -244,19 +263,20 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 WARNING:  argument "relpages" has type "text", expected type "integer"
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
  f
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
- relpages | reltuples | relallvisible 
-----------+-----------+---------------
-       16 |       400 |             4
+ relpages | reltuples | relallvisible | relallfrozen 
+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------
+       16 |       400 |             4 |            2
 (1 row)
 
 -- invalid relkinds for statistics
@@ -967,7 +987,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
  pg_restore_relation_stats 
 ---------------------------
@@ -1169,7 +1190,8 @@ SELECT pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'relation', 0::oid,
         'relpages', 17::integer,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 WARNING:  argument "relation" has type "oid", expected type "regclass"
 ERROR:  "relation" cannot be NULL
 --- error: relation not found
@@ -1177,7 +1199,8 @@ SELECT pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'relation', 0::regclass,
         'relpages', 17::integer,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- warn and error: unrecognized argument name
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -1185,7 +1208,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'nope', 4::integer);
+        'nope', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 WARNING:  unrecognized argument name: "nope"
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- error: argument name is NULL
@@ -1194,7 +1218,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 is NULL
 -- error: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -1202,7 +1227,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 ERROR:  name at variadic position 5 has type "integer", expected type "text"
 -- error: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -1210,6 +1236,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 ERROR:  variadic arguments must be name/value pairs
 HINT:  Provide an even number of variadic arguments that can be divided into pairs.
@@ -1219,7 +1246,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 ERROR:  could not open relation with OID 0
 -- error: object does not exist
 SELECT pg_catalog.pg_restore_attribute_stats(
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
index 57422750b90..3f515142dda 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/stats_import.sql
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ CREATE TABLE stats_import.test(
 CREATE INDEX test_i ON stats_import.test(id);
 
 -- starting stats
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ SELECT
     pg_catalog.pg_clear_relation_stats(
         'stats_import.test'::regclass);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -120,9 +120,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '16'::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'reltuples', '500'::real);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -152,7 +153,17 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relallvisible', 5::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
+
+-- ok: just relallfrozen
+SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
+        'relation', 'stats_import.test'::regclass,
+        'version', 150000::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
+
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -162,9 +173,10 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', 'nope'::text,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 2::integer);
 
-SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible
+SELECT relpages, reltuples, relallvisible, relallfrozen
 FROM pg_class
 WHERE oid = 'stats_import.test'::regclass;
 
@@ -663,7 +675,8 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
     'version', '180000'::integer,
     'relpages', '11'::integer,
     'reltuples', '10000'::real,
-    'relallvisible', '0'::integer
+    'relallvisible', '0'::integer,
+    'relallfrozen', '0'::integer
 );
 
 -- Generate statistics on table with data
@@ -833,14 +846,16 @@ SELECT pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'relation', 0::oid,
         'relpages', 17::integer,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 
 --- error: relation not found
 SELECT pg_catalog.pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'relation', 0::regclass,
         'relpages', 17::integer,
         'reltuples', 400.0::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 
 -- warn and error: unrecognized argument name
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -848,7 +863,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'nope', 4::integer);
+        'nope', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 
 -- error: argument name is NULL
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -856,7 +872,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         NULL, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 
 -- error: argument name is an integer
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -864,7 +881,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         17, '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 
 -- error: odd number of variadic arguments cannot be pairs
 SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
@@ -872,6 +890,7 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer,
         'relallvisible');
 
 -- error: object doesn't exist
@@ -880,7 +899,8 @@ SELECT pg_restore_relation_stats(
         'version', 150000::integer,
         'relpages', '17'::integer,
         'reltuples', 400::real,
-        'relallvisible', 4::integer);
+        'relallvisible', 4::integer,
+        'relallfrozen', 3::integer);
 
 -- error: object does not exist
 SELECT pg_catalog.pg_restore_attribute_stats(
-- 
2.34.1

From 33bf7404fc21be611ab9cf8faf0ef593eb9750a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:31:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH v12] Trigger more frequent autovacuums with relallfrozen

Calculate the insert threshold for triggering an autovacuum of a
relation based on the number of unfrozen pages. By only considering the
"active" (unfrozen) portion of the table when calculating how many
tuples to add to the insert threshold, we can trigger more frequent
vacuums of insert-heavy tables and increase the chances of vacuuming
those pages when they still reside in shared buffers.

This uses the recently added (99f8f3fbbc8f) relallfrozen column of
pg_class.

Reviewed-by: Nathan Bossart <nathandbossart@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Greg Sabino Mullane <htamfids@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/CAAKRu_aj-P7YyBz_cPNwztz6ohP%2BvWis%3Diz3YcomkB3NpYA--w%40mail.gmail.com
---
 doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml                    |  7 ++---
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                      | 15 +++++------
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c           | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample |  4 +--
 4 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index 9a21a0d6f15..a3447ad7d4b 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2072,9 +2072,10 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
       </para>
       <para>
        Number of pages that are marked all-frozen in the table's visibility
-       map.  This is only an estimate and can be used along with
-       <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> for scheduling vacuums and
-       tuning <link linkend="runtime-config-vacuum-freezing">vacuum's freezing
+       map.  This is only an estimate used for triggering autovacuums. It can
+       also be used along with <structfield>relallvisible</structfield> for
+       scheduling vacuums and tuning <link
+       linkend="runtime-config-vacuum-freezing">vacuum's freezing
        behavior</link>.
 
        It is updated by
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index e55700f35b8..d2fa5f7d1a9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -8773,14 +8773,13 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </term>
        <listitem>
         <para>
-         Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
-         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname>
-         when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>.
-         The default is <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of table size).
-         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
-         file or on the server command line;
-         but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
-         changing table storage parameters.
+         Specifies a fraction of the unfrozen pages in the table to add to
+         <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold</varname> when deciding
+         whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</command>. The default is
+         <literal>0.2</literal> (20% of unfrozen pages in table). This
+         parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>
+         file or on the server command line; but the setting can be overridden
+         for individual tables by changing table storage parameters.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index ddb303f5201..0aca7d78b90 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -2938,7 +2938,6 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 {
 	bool		force_vacuum;
 	bool		av_enabled;
-	float4		reltuples;		/* pg_class.reltuples */
 
 	/* constants from reloptions or GUC variables */
 	int			vac_base_thresh,
@@ -3052,7 +3051,11 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 	 */
 	if (PointerIsValid(tabentry) && AutoVacuumingActive())
 	{
-		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		float4		pcnt_unfrozen = 1;
+		float4		reltuples = classForm->reltuples;
+		int32		relpages = classForm->relpages;
+		int32		relallfrozen = classForm->relallfrozen;
+
 		vactuples = tabentry->dead_tuples;
 		instuples = tabentry->ins_since_vacuum;
 		anltuples = tabentry->mod_since_analyze;
@@ -3061,11 +3064,29 @@ relation_needs_vacanalyze(Oid relid,
 		if (reltuples < 0)
 			reltuples = 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * If we have data for relallfrozen, calculate the unfrozen percentage
+		 * of the table to modify insert scale factor. This helps us decide
+		 * whether or not to vacuum an insert-heavy table based on the number
+		 * of inserts to the "active" part of the table.
+		 */
+		if (relpages > 0 && relallfrozen > 0)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * It could be the stats were updated manually and relallfrozen >
+			 * relpages. Clamp relallfrozen to relpages to avoid nonsensical
+			 * calculations.
+			 */
+			relallfrozen = Min(relallfrozen, relpages);
+			pcnt_unfrozen = 1 - ((float4) relallfrozen / relpages);
+		}
+
 		vacthresh = (float4) vac_base_thresh + vac_scale_factor * reltuples;
 		if (vac_max_thresh >= 0 && vacthresh > (float4) vac_max_thresh)
 			vacthresh = (float4) vac_max_thresh;
 
-		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh + vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples;
+		vacinsthresh = (float4) vac_ins_base_thresh +
+			vac_ins_scale_factor * reltuples * pcnt_unfrozen;
 		anlthresh = (float4) anl_base_thresh + anl_scale_factor * reltuples;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
index 5362ff80519..8ef9b1a2525 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample
@@ -675,8 +675,8 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
 					# analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
-#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of inserts over table
-						# size before insert vacuum
+#autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of unfrozen pages
+            # inserted to before insert vacuum
 #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
 #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000    # max number of row updates
 						# before vacuum; -1 disables max
-- 
2.34.1

From d5dfbee7894f8ff67bea73be9caa818461fce6b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nathan Bossart <nathan@postgresql.org>
Date: Tue, 18 Nov 2025 14:17:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH v1 1/1] fix insert vacuum docs

---
 doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
index 120bac8875f..f4f0433ef6f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
@@ -934,12 +934,16 @@ vacuum threshold = Minimum(vacuum max threshold, vacuum base threshold + vacuum
     The table is also vacuumed if the number of tuples inserted since the last
     vacuum has exceeded the defined insert threshold, which is defined as:
 <programlisting>
-vacuum insert threshold = vacuum base insert threshold + vacuum insert scale factor * number of tuples
+vacuum insert threshold = vacuum base insert threshold + vacuum insert scale factor * number of tuples * percent of table not frozen
 </programlisting>
     where the vacuum insert base threshold is
     <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-vacuum-insert-threshold"/>,
-    and vacuum insert scale factor is
-    <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-vacuum-insert-scale-factor"/>.
+    the vacuum insert scale factor is
+    <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-vacuum-insert-scale-factor"/>,
+    the number of tuples is
+    <structname>pg_class</structname>.<structfield>reltuples</structfield>,
+    and the percent of the table not frozen is
+    <literal>1 - pg_class.relallfrozen / pg_class.relpages</literal>.
     Such vacuums may allow portions of the table to be marked as
     <firstterm>all visible</firstterm> and also allow tuples to be frozen, which
     can reduce the work required in subsequent vacuums.
-- 
2.39.5 (Apple Git-154)