Proposal for enabling auto-vectorization for checksum calculations

Hello! I'm still trying to figure out those CI failures, I just wanted
to update things.

From my testing, with this patch repeatedly disabling/enabling
checksums is about 12.4% on an approximately 15 GB database.

By the way, I'd love it if anyone could help me figure out how to
replicate a CI failure in the Cirrus CI.
I haven't been able to figure out how to test CI runs locally, does
anyone know a good method to do that?

On Thu, May 8, 2025 at 6:57 AM Matthew Sterrett <matthewsterrett2@gmail.com>
wrote:

Hello! I'm still trying to figure out those CI failures, I just wanted
to update things.

From my testing, with this patch repeatedly disabling/enabling
checksums is about 12.4% on an approximately 15 GB database.

By the way, I'd love it if anyone could help me figure out how to
replicate a CI failure in the Cirrus CI.
I haven't been able to figure out how to test CI runs locally, does
anyone know a good method to do that?

Hi Matthew,

Thanks for the patch!

I ran some timing tests:

(without avx2)

Time: 4034.351 ms
SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);

(with avx2)

Time: 3559.076 ms
SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);

Also attached two patches that should fix the CI issues.

Best,

Stepan Neretin

On Sat, May 10, 2025 at 6:01 PM Stepan Neretin <slpmcf@gmail.com> wrote:

On Thu, May 8, 2025 at 6:57 AM Matthew Sterrett <
matthewsterrett2@gmail.com> wrote:

Hello! I'm still trying to figure out those CI failures, I just wanted
to update things.

From my testing, with this patch repeatedly disabling/enabling
checksums is about 12.4% on an approximately 15 GB database.

By the way, I'd love it if anyone could help me figure out how to
replicate a CI failure in the Cirrus CI.
I haven't been able to figure out how to test CI runs locally, does
anyone know a good method to do that?

Hi Matthew,

Thanks for the patch!

I ran some timing tests:

(without avx2)

Time: 4034.351 ms
SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);

(with avx2)

Time: 3559.076 ms
SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);

Also attached two patches that should fix the CI issues.

Best,

Stepan Neretin

Oops, forgot to attach patches :)

Best,

Stepan Neretin

Hello! Thanks for helping me with this.
I'm still trying to figure out what is going on with the Bookworm test
failures. I'm pretty sure this patchset should resolve all the issues
with the macOS build, but I don't think it will help the linux
failures unfortunately.

Hi,

On Tue, 20 May 2025 at 02:54, Matthew Sterrett
<matthewsterrett2@gmail.com> wrote:

Hello! Thanks for helping me with this.
I'm still trying to figure out what is going on with the Bookworm test
failures. I'm pretty sure this patchset should resolve all the issues
with the macOS build, but I don't think it will help the linux
failures unfortunately.

You can see the failure at the artifacts ->
'log/tmp_install/log/install.log' file on the CI web page [1]https://cirrus-ci.com/task/4834162550505472.

If you want to replicate that on your local:

$ ./configure --with-llvm CLANG="ccache clang-16"
$ make -s -j8 world-bin
$ make -j8 check-world

should be enough. I was able to replicate it with these commands. I
hope these help.

[1]: https://cirrus-ci.com/task/4834162550505472

--
Regards,
Nazir Bilal Yavuz
Microsoft

You can see the failure at the artifacts ->
'log/tmp_install/log/install.log' file on the CI web page [1].

If you want to replicate that on your local:

$ ./configure --with-llvm CLANG="ccache clang-16"
$ make -s -j8 world-bin
$ make -j8 check-world

should be enough. I was able to replicate it with these commands. I
hope these help.

Thanks so much for helping me figure this out!

Okay, I've determined that versions of LLVM/Clang before 19 crash when
compiling this patch for some reason; it seems that both make
check-world and make install will crash with the affected LLVM
versions.
Unfortunately, what matters seems to be the version of the linker/LTO
optimizer, which I don't think we can check at compile time.
I added a check for Clang>=19 which works at preventing the crash on my system.
I think it's possible some unusual combination of clang/LLVM might
still crash during the build, but I think this is a reasonable
solution

On Fri, May 23, 2025 at 4:54 AM Matthew Sterrett
<matthewsterrett2@gmail.com> wrote:

Okay, I've determined that versions of LLVM/Clang before 19 crash when
compiling this patch for some reason; it seems that both make
check-world and make install will crash with the affected LLVM
versions.
Unfortunately, what matters seems to be the version of the linker/LTO
optimizer, which I don't think we can check at compile time.
I added a check for Clang>=19 which works at preventing the crash on my system.
I think it's possible some unusual combination of clang/LLVM might
still crash during the build, but I think this is a reasonable
solution

I don't know if this is related to the crashes, but it doesn't seem
like a good idea to #include the function pointer stuff everywhere,
that should probably go into src/port like the others.

--
John Naylor
Amazon Web Services

From: Andrew Kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>

---
config/c-compiler.m4 | 31 +++++
configure | 52 +++++++++
configure.ac | 9 ++
meson.build | 28 +++++
src/include/pg_config.h.in | 3 +
src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h | 90 +++-----------
src/port/Makefile | 1 +
src/port/meson.build | 1 +
src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c | 174 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 files changed, 318 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c

diff --git a/config/c-compiler.m4 b/config/c-compiler.m4
index da40bd6a647..5eb3218deb5 100644
--- a/config/c-compiler.m4
+++ b/config/c-compiler.m4
@@ -711,6 +711,37 @@ fi
 undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
 ])# PGAC_XSAVE_INTRINSICS

+# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+# -----------------------------
+# Check if the compiler supports AVX2 in attribute((target))
+# and using AVX2 intrinsics in those functions
+#
+# If the intrinsics are supported, sets pgac_avx2_support.
+AC_DEFUN([PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT],
+[define([Ac_cachevar], [AS_TR_SH([pgac_cv_avx2_support])])dnl
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for AVX2 support], [Ac_cachevar],
+[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <immintrin.h>
+    #include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    #endif
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      const char buf@<:@sizeof(__m256i)@:>@;
+      __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+	  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+      int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+      return (int) result;
+    }],
+  [return avx2_test();])],
+  [Ac_cachevar=yes],
+  [Ac_cachevar=no])])
+if test x"$Ac_cachevar" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
+])# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+
 # PGAC_AVX512_POPCNT_INTRINSICS
 # -----------------------------
 # Check if the compiler supports the AVX-512 popcount instructions using the
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 39c68161cec..54da05ac0db 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -17608,6 +17608,58 @@ $as_echo "#define HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS 1" >>confdefs.h

fi

+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for AVX2 support" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for AVX2 support... " >&6; }
+if ${pgac_cv_avx2_support+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
+/* end confdefs.h.  */
+#include <immintrin.h>
+    #include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    #endif
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      const char buf[sizeof(__m256i)];
+      __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+	  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+      int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+      return (int) result;
+    }
+int
+main ()
+{
+return avx2_test();
+  ;
+  return 0;
+}
+_ACEOF
+if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO"; then :
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=yes
+else
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=no
+fi
+rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext \
+    conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&5
+$as_echo "$pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&6; }
+if test x"$pgac_cv_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+
+$as_echo "#define USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK 1" >>confdefs.h
+
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for AVX-512 popcount intrinsics
 #
 if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 066e3976c0a..2c484a12671 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -2118,6 +2118,15 @@ if test x"$pgac_xsave_intrinsics" = x"yes"; then
   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS, 1, [Define to 1 if you have XSAVE intrinsics.])
 fi

+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT()
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK, 1, [Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check.])
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for AVX-512 popcount intrinsics
 #
 if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index ab8101d67b2..ff42c41ca7e 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -2289,6 +2289,34 @@ int main(void)

endif

+###############################################################
+# Check for the availability of AVX2 support
+###############################################################
+
+if host_cpu == 'x86_64'
+
+  prog = '''
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+__attribute__((target("avx2")))
+#endif
+int main(void)
+{
+  const char buf[sizeof(__m256i)];
+  __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+  int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+  return (int) result;
+}
+'''
+
+  if cc.links(prog, name: 'AVX2 support', args: test_c_args)
+    cdata.set('USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK', 1)
+  endif
+
+endif
+

 ###############################################################
 # Check for the availability of AVX-512 popcount intrinsics.
diff --git a/src/include/pg_config.h.in b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
index c4dc5d72bdb..987f9b5c77c 100644
--- a/src/include/pg_config.h.in
+++ b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
@@ -675,6 +675,9 @@
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 CRC algorithms with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_CRC32C_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK

+/* Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check. */
+#undef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 popcount instructions with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_POPCNT_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK

diff --git a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h b/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
index da87d61ba52..82e525529f4 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
@@ -101,12 +101,14 @@
  */

#include "storage/bufpage.h"
+#include "pg_config.h"

/* number of checksums to calculate in parallel */
#define N_SUMS 32
/* prime multiplier of FNV-1a hash */
#define FNV_PRIME 16777619

+
 /* Use a union so that this code is valid under strict aliasing */
 typedef union
 {
@@ -142,74 +144,20 @@ do { \
  * Block checksum algorithm.  The page must be adequately aligned
  * (at least on 4-byte boundary).
  */
-static uint32
-pg_checksum_block(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
-{
-	uint32		sums[N_SUMS];
-	uint32		result = 0;
-	uint32		i,
-				j;
-
-	/* ensure that the size is compatible with the algorithm */
-	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
-
-	/* initialize partial checksums to their corresponding offsets */
-	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
-
-	/* main checksum calculation */
-	for (i = 0; i < (uint32) (BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
-		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
-			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
-
-	/* finally add in two rounds of zeroes for additional mixing */
-	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
-		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
-			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
-
-	/* xor fold partial checksums together */
-	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
-		result ^= sums[i];
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Compute the checksum for a Postgres page.
- *
- * The page must be adequately aligned (at least on a 4-byte boundary).
- * Beware also that the checksum field of the page is transiently zeroed.
- *
- * The checksum includes the block number (to detect the case where a page is
- * somehow moved to a different location), the page header (excluding the
- * checksum itself), and the page data.
- */
-uint16
-pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
-{
-	PGChecksummablePage *cpage = (PGChecksummablePage *) page;
-	uint16		save_checksum;
-	uint32		checksum;
-
-	/* We only calculate the checksum for properly-initialized pages */
-	Assert(!PageIsNew((Page) page));
-
-	/*
-	 * Save pd_checksum and temporarily set it to zero, so that the checksum
-	 * calculation isn't affected by the old checksum stored on the page.
-	 * Restore it after, because actually updating the checksum is NOT part of
-	 * the API of this function.
-	 */
-	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
-	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
-	checksum = pg_checksum_block(cpage);
-	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = save_checksum;
-
-	/* Mix in the block number to detect transposed pages */
-	checksum ^= blkno;
-
-	/*
-	 * Reduce to a uint16 (to fit in the pd_checksum field) with an offset of
-	 * one. That avoids checksums of zero, which seems like a good idea.
-	 */
-	return (uint16) ((checksum % 65535) + 1);
-}
+#define PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(ISANAME) \
+uint32 \
+pg_checksum_block_##ISANAME(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+
+#define PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(ISANAME) \
+pg_attribute_target(#ISANAME) \
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_##ISANAME(const PGChecksummablePage *page) \
+
+/* Declare ISA implementations (declarations only in header) */
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(avx2);
+#endif
+PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(default);
+
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_dispatch(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+extern uint32 (*pg_checksum_block)(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+extern uint16 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno);
diff --git a/src/port/Makefile b/src/port/Makefile
index 4274949dfa4..27423f1058b 100644
--- a/src/port/Makefile
+++ b/src/port/Makefile
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ OBJS = \
 	pg_numa.o \
 	pg_popcount_aarch64.o \
 	pg_popcount_avx512.o \
+	pg_checksum_dispatch.o \
 	pg_strong_random.o \
 	pgcheckdir.o \
 	pgmkdirp.o \
diff --git a/src/port/meson.build b/src/port/meson.build
index fc7b059fee5..c4bbe9f2ece 100644
--- a/src/port/meson.build
+++ b/src/port/meson.build
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pgport_sources = [
   'pg_numa.c',
   'pg_popcount_aarch64.c',
   'pg_popcount_avx512.c',
+  'pg_checksum_dispatch.c',
   'pg_strong_random.c',
   'pgcheckdir.c',
   'pgmkdirp.c',
diff --git a/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c b/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..15f7b8af34f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * pg_checksum_dispatch.c
+ *        Holds the AVX2 pg_popcount() implementation.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2024-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *        src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+#include "c.h"
+#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID) || defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE__CPUID) || defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
+
+/*
+ * Does CPUID say there's support for XSAVE instructions?
+ */
+static inline bool
+xsave_available(void)
+{
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID)
+	__get_cpuid(1, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUID)
+	__cpuid(exx, 1);
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[2] & (1 << 27)) != 0;       /* osxsave */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Does XGETBV say the YMM registers are enabled?
+ *
+ * NB: Caller is responsible for verifying that xsave_available() returns true
+ * before calling this.
+ */
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+pg_attribute_target("xsave")
+#endif
+static inline bool
+ymm_regs_available(void)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+	return (_xgetbv(0) & 0x06) == 0x06;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Does CPUID say there's support for AVX-2
+ */
+static inline bool
+avx2_available(void)
+{
+#if defined (USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK) && defined(__x86_64__)
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+	if (!xsave_available() || !ymm_regs_available()) return false;
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+	__get_cpuid_count(7, 0, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+	__cpuidex(exx, 7, 0);
+#else
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[1] & (1 << 5)) != 0; /* avx2 */
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/* default checksum implementation */
+PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(default)
+{
+	uint32 sums[N_SUMS], result = 0;
+	uint32 i, j;
+
+	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
+	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < (uint32)(BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
+		result ^= sums[i];
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(avx2)
+{
+	uint32 sums[N_SUMS], result = 0;
+	uint32 i, j;
+
+	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
+	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < (uint32)(BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
+		result ^= sums[i];
+
+	return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Function pointer - external linkage (declared extern in header) */
+uint32 (*pg_checksum_block)(const PGChecksummablePage *page) = pg_checksum_block_dispatch;
+
+/* Dispatch function: simple, safe */
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_dispatch(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
+{
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+	if (avx2_available())
+	{
+		/* optional: patch pointer so next call goes directly */
+		pg_checksum_block = pg_checksum_block_avx2;
+		return pg_checksum_block_avx2(page);
+	}
+#endif
+	/* fallback */
+	pg_checksum_block = pg_checksum_block_default;
+	return pg_checksum_block_default(page);
+}
+
+
+/* Compute checksum for a Postgres page */
+uint16 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
+{
+	PGChecksummablePage *cpage = (PGChecksummablePage *) page;
+	uint16 save_checksum;
+	uint32 checksum;
+
+	Assert(!PageIsNew((Page) page));
+
+	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
+	checksum = pg_checksum_block(cpage);
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = save_checksum;
+
+	checksum ^= blkno;
+	return (uint16)((checksum % 65535) + 1);
+}
-- 
2.43.0

From: Andrew kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>

---
contrib/meson.build | 1 +
contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build | 23 +++++++++++++
.../pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql | 8 +++++
contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++
.../pg_checksum_bench.control | 4 +++
.../sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql | 17 ++++++++++
6 files changed, 87 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql

diff --git a/contrib/meson.build b/contrib/meson.build
index ed30ee7d639..fe5149aadff 100644
--- a/contrib/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/meson.build
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ contrib_doc_args = {
   'install_dir': contrib_doc_dir,
 }

+subdir('pg_checksum_bench')
 subdir('amcheck')
 subdir('auth_delay')
 subdir('auto_explain')
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..32ccd9efa0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+pg_checksum_bench_sources = files(
+  'pg_checksum_bench.c',
+)
+
+if host_system == 'windows'
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources += rc_lib_gen.process(win32ver_rc, extra_args: [
+    '--NAME', 'pg_checksum_bench',
+    '--FILEDESC', 'pg_checksum_bench',])
+endif
+
+pg_checksum_bench = shared_module('pg_checksum_bench',
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources,
+  kwargs: contrib_mod_args,
+)
+contrib_targets += pg_checksum_bench
+
+install_data(
+  'pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql',
+  'pg_checksum_bench.control',
+  kwargs: contrib_data_args,
+)
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f13cbe3c5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/* contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+-- \echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION drive_pg_checksum(page_count int)
+	RETURNS pg_catalog.void
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f40f335ff59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
+
+#define REPEATS 1000000
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(drive_pg_checksum);
+Datum
+drive_pg_checksum(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int page_count = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
+
+	PGChecksummablePage * pages = palloc(page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage));
+	srand(0);
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage); i++){
+		char * byte_ptr = (char *) pages;
+		byte_ptr[i] = rand() % 256;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < REPEATS; i++){
+		const PGChecksummablePage * test_page = pages + (i % page_count);
+		volatile uint32 result = pg_checksum_block(test_page);
+		(void) result;
+	}
+
+	pfree((void *) pages);
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a4e2c9363c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+comment = 'pg_checksum benchmark'
+default_version = '1.0'
+module_pathname = '$libdir/pg_checksum_bench'
+relocatable = true
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4b347699953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench;
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(-1);
+
+\timing on
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(2);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(4);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(8);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(16);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(32);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(64);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(128);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(256);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1024);
-- 
2.43.0

Hi John,

Thanks for the feedback. This is v5 of the patchset, updated following your comments:

- Moved the function pointer definitions out of common headers and
into src/port, consistent with existing practice.

Thanks again for the guidance.

Best regards,
Kim Andrew

From: Andrew Kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>

---
config/c-compiler.m4 | 31 +++++
configure | 52 +++++++++
configure.ac | 9 ++
meson.build | 28 +++++
src/include/pg_config.h.in | 3 +
src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h | 90 +++-----------
src/port/Makefile | 1 +
src/port/meson.build | 1 +
src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c | 174 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 files changed, 318 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c

diff --git a/config/c-compiler.m4 b/config/c-compiler.m4
index da40bd6a647..5eb3218deb5 100644
--- a/config/c-compiler.m4
+++ b/config/c-compiler.m4
@@ -711,6 +711,37 @@ fi
 undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
 ])# PGAC_XSAVE_INTRINSICS

+# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+# -----------------------------
+# Check if the compiler supports AVX2 in attribute((target))
+# and using AVX2 intrinsics in those functions
+#
+# If the intrinsics are supported, sets pgac_avx2_support.
+AC_DEFUN([PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT],
+[define([Ac_cachevar], [AS_TR_SH([pgac_cv_avx2_support])])dnl
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for AVX2 support], [Ac_cachevar],
+[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <immintrin.h>
+    #include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    #endif
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      const char buf@<:@sizeof(__m256i)@:>@;
+      __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+	  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+      int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+      return (int) result;
+    }],
+  [return avx2_test();])],
+  [Ac_cachevar=yes],
+  [Ac_cachevar=no])])
+if test x"$Ac_cachevar" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
+])# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+
 # PGAC_AVX512_POPCNT_INTRINSICS
 # -----------------------------
 # Check if the compiler supports the AVX-512 popcount instructions using the
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 39c68161cec..54da05ac0db 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -17608,6 +17608,58 @@ $as_echo "#define HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS 1" >>confdefs.h

fi

+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for AVX2 support" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for AVX2 support... " >&6; }
+if ${pgac_cv_avx2_support+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
+/* end confdefs.h.  */
+#include <immintrin.h>
+    #include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    #endif
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      const char buf[sizeof(__m256i)];
+      __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+	  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+      int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+      return (int) result;
+    }
+int
+main ()
+{
+return avx2_test();
+  ;
+  return 0;
+}
+_ACEOF
+if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO"; then :
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=yes
+else
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=no
+fi
+rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext \
+    conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&5
+$as_echo "$pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&6; }
+if test x"$pgac_cv_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+
+$as_echo "#define USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK 1" >>confdefs.h
+
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for AVX-512 popcount intrinsics
 #
 if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 066e3976c0a..2c484a12671 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -2118,6 +2118,15 @@ if test x"$pgac_xsave_intrinsics" = x"yes"; then
   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS, 1, [Define to 1 if you have XSAVE intrinsics.])
 fi

+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT()
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK, 1, [Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check.])
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for AVX-512 popcount intrinsics
 #
 if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index ab8101d67b2..ff42c41ca7e 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -2289,6 +2289,34 @@ int main(void)

endif

+###############################################################
+# Check for the availability of AVX2 support
+###############################################################
+
+if host_cpu == 'x86_64'
+
+  prog = '''
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+__attribute__((target("avx2")))
+#endif
+int main(void)
+{
+  const char buf[sizeof(__m256i)];
+  __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+  int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+  return (int) result;
+}
+'''
+
+  if cc.links(prog, name: 'AVX2 support', args: test_c_args)
+    cdata.set('USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK', 1)
+  endif
+
+endif
+

 ###############################################################
 # Check for the availability of AVX-512 popcount intrinsics.
diff --git a/src/include/pg_config.h.in b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
index c4dc5d72bdb..987f9b5c77c 100644
--- a/src/include/pg_config.h.in
+++ b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
@@ -675,6 +675,9 @@
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 CRC algorithms with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_CRC32C_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK

+/* Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check. */
+#undef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 popcount instructions with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_POPCNT_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK

diff --git a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h b/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
index da87d61ba52..82e525529f4 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
@@ -101,12 +101,14 @@
  */

#include "storage/bufpage.h"
+#include "pg_config.h"

/* number of checksums to calculate in parallel */
#define N_SUMS 32
/* prime multiplier of FNV-1a hash */
#define FNV_PRIME 16777619

+
 /* Use a union so that this code is valid under strict aliasing */
 typedef union
 {
@@ -142,74 +144,20 @@ do { \
  * Block checksum algorithm.  The page must be adequately aligned
  * (at least on 4-byte boundary).
  */
-static uint32
-pg_checksum_block(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
-{
-	uint32		sums[N_SUMS];
-	uint32		result = 0;
-	uint32		i,
-				j;
-
-	/* ensure that the size is compatible with the algorithm */
-	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
-
-	/* initialize partial checksums to their corresponding offsets */
-	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
-
-	/* main checksum calculation */
-	for (i = 0; i < (uint32) (BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
-		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
-			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
-
-	/* finally add in two rounds of zeroes for additional mixing */
-	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
-		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
-			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
-
-	/* xor fold partial checksums together */
-	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
-		result ^= sums[i];
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Compute the checksum for a Postgres page.
- *
- * The page must be adequately aligned (at least on a 4-byte boundary).
- * Beware also that the checksum field of the page is transiently zeroed.
- *
- * The checksum includes the block number (to detect the case where a page is
- * somehow moved to a different location), the page header (excluding the
- * checksum itself), and the page data.
- */
-uint16
-pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
-{
-	PGChecksummablePage *cpage = (PGChecksummablePage *) page;
-	uint16		save_checksum;
-	uint32		checksum;
-
-	/* We only calculate the checksum for properly-initialized pages */
-	Assert(!PageIsNew((Page) page));
-
-	/*
-	 * Save pd_checksum and temporarily set it to zero, so that the checksum
-	 * calculation isn't affected by the old checksum stored on the page.
-	 * Restore it after, because actually updating the checksum is NOT part of
-	 * the API of this function.
-	 */
-	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
-	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
-	checksum = pg_checksum_block(cpage);
-	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = save_checksum;
-
-	/* Mix in the block number to detect transposed pages */
-	checksum ^= blkno;
-
-	/*
-	 * Reduce to a uint16 (to fit in the pd_checksum field) with an offset of
-	 * one. That avoids checksums of zero, which seems like a good idea.
-	 */
-	return (uint16) ((checksum % 65535) + 1);
-}
+#define PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(ISANAME) \
+uint32 \
+pg_checksum_block_##ISANAME(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+
+#define PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(ISANAME) \
+pg_attribute_target(#ISANAME) \
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_##ISANAME(const PGChecksummablePage *page) \
+
+/* Declare ISA implementations (declarations only in header) */
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(avx2);
+#endif
+PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(default);
+
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_dispatch(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+extern uint32 (*pg_checksum_block)(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+extern uint16 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno);
diff --git a/src/port/Makefile b/src/port/Makefile
index 4274949dfa4..27423f1058b 100644
--- a/src/port/Makefile
+++ b/src/port/Makefile
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ OBJS = \
 	pg_numa.o \
 	pg_popcount_aarch64.o \
 	pg_popcount_avx512.o \
+	pg_checksum_dispatch.o \
 	pg_strong_random.o \
 	pgcheckdir.o \
 	pgmkdirp.o \
diff --git a/src/port/meson.build b/src/port/meson.build
index fc7b059fee5..c4bbe9f2ece 100644
--- a/src/port/meson.build
+++ b/src/port/meson.build
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pgport_sources = [
   'pg_numa.c',
   'pg_popcount_aarch64.c',
   'pg_popcount_avx512.c',
+  'pg_checksum_dispatch.c',
   'pg_strong_random.c',
   'pgcheckdir.c',
   'pgmkdirp.c',
diff --git a/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c b/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..15f7b8af34f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * pg_checksum_dispatch.c
+ *        Holds the AVX2 pg_popcount() implementation.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2024-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *        src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+#include "c.h"
+#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID) || defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE__CPUID) || defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
+
+/*
+ * Does CPUID say there's support for XSAVE instructions?
+ */
+static inline bool
+xsave_available(void)
+{
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID)
+	__get_cpuid(1, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUID)
+	__cpuid(exx, 1);
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[2] & (1 << 27)) != 0;       /* osxsave */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Does XGETBV say the YMM registers are enabled?
+ *
+ * NB: Caller is responsible for verifying that xsave_available() returns true
+ * before calling this.
+ */
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+pg_attribute_target("xsave")
+#endif
+static inline bool
+ymm_regs_available(void)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+	return (_xgetbv(0) & 0x06) == 0x06;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Does CPUID say there's support for AVX-2
+ */
+static inline bool
+avx2_available(void)
+{
+#if defined (USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK) && defined(__x86_64__)
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+	if (!xsave_available() || !ymm_regs_available()) return false;
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+	__get_cpuid_count(7, 0, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+	__cpuidex(exx, 7, 0);
+#else
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[1] & (1 << 5)) != 0; /* avx2 */
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/* default checksum implementation */
+PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(default)
+{
+	uint32 sums[N_SUMS], result = 0;
+	uint32 i, j;
+
+	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
+	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < (uint32)(BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
+		result ^= sums[i];
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(avx2)
+{
+	uint32 sums[N_SUMS], result = 0;
+	uint32 i, j;
+
+	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
+	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < (uint32)(BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
+		result ^= sums[i];
+
+	return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Function pointer - external linkage (declared extern in header) */
+uint32 (*pg_checksum_block)(const PGChecksummablePage *page) = pg_checksum_block_dispatch;
+
+/* Dispatch function: simple, safe */
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_dispatch(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
+{
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+	if (avx2_available())
+	{
+		/* optional: patch pointer so next call goes directly */
+		pg_checksum_block = pg_checksum_block_avx2;
+		return pg_checksum_block_avx2(page);
+	}
+#endif
+	/* fallback */
+	pg_checksum_block = pg_checksum_block_default;
+	return pg_checksum_block_default(page);
+}
+
+
+/* Compute checksum for a Postgres page */
+uint16 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
+{
+	PGChecksummablePage *cpage = (PGChecksummablePage *) page;
+	uint16 save_checksum;
+	uint32 checksum;
+
+	Assert(!PageIsNew((Page) page));
+
+	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
+	checksum = pg_checksum_block(cpage);
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = save_checksum;
+
+	checksum ^= blkno;
+	return (uint16)((checksum % 65535) + 1);
+}
-- 
2.43.0

From: Andrew kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>

---
contrib/meson.build | 1 +
contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build | 23 +++++++++++++
.../pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql | 8 +++++
contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++
.../pg_checksum_bench.control | 4 +++
.../sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql | 17 ++++++++++
6 files changed, 87 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql

diff --git a/contrib/meson.build b/contrib/meson.build
index ed30ee7d639..fe5149aadff 100644
--- a/contrib/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/meson.build
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ contrib_doc_args = {
   'install_dir': contrib_doc_dir,
 }

+subdir('pg_checksum_bench')
 subdir('amcheck')
 subdir('auth_delay')
 subdir('auto_explain')
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..32ccd9efa0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+pg_checksum_bench_sources = files(
+  'pg_checksum_bench.c',
+)
+
+if host_system == 'windows'
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources += rc_lib_gen.process(win32ver_rc, extra_args: [
+    '--NAME', 'pg_checksum_bench',
+    '--FILEDESC', 'pg_checksum_bench',])
+endif
+
+pg_checksum_bench = shared_module('pg_checksum_bench',
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources,
+  kwargs: contrib_mod_args,
+)
+contrib_targets += pg_checksum_bench
+
+install_data(
+  'pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql',
+  'pg_checksum_bench.control',
+  kwargs: contrib_data_args,
+)
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f13cbe3c5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/* contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+-- \echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION drive_pg_checksum(page_count int)
+	RETURNS pg_catalog.void
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f40f335ff59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
+
+#define REPEATS 1000000
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(drive_pg_checksum);
+Datum
+drive_pg_checksum(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int page_count = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
+
+	PGChecksummablePage * pages = palloc(page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage));
+	srand(0);
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage); i++){
+		char * byte_ptr = (char *) pages;
+		byte_ptr[i] = rand() % 256;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < REPEATS; i++){
+		const PGChecksummablePage * test_page = pages + (i % page_count);
+		volatile uint32 result = pg_checksum_block(test_page);
+		(void) result;
+	}
+
+	pfree((void *) pages);
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a4e2c9363c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+comment = 'pg_checksum benchmark'
+default_version = '1.0'
+module_pathname = '$libdir/pg_checksum_bench'
+relocatable = true
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4b347699953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench;
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(-1);
+
+\timing on
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(2);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(4);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(8);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(16);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(32);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(64);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(128);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(256);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1024);
-- 
2.43.0

Hi John,

Thanks for the feedback. This is v5 of the patchset, updated following your comments:

- Moved the function pointer definitions out of common headers and
into src/port, consistent with existing practice.

Thanks again for the guidance.

Best regards,
Kim Andrew

From: Andrew Kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>

---
config/c-compiler.m4 | 31 +++++
configure | 52 +++++++++
configure.ac | 9 ++
meson.build | 28 +++++
src/include/pg_config.h.in | 3 +
src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h | 90 +++-----------
src/port/Makefile | 1 +
src/port/meson.build | 1 +
src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c | 174 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 files changed, 318 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c

diff --git a/config/c-compiler.m4 b/config/c-compiler.m4
index da40bd6a647..5eb3218deb5 100644
--- a/config/c-compiler.m4
+++ b/config/c-compiler.m4
@@ -711,6 +711,37 @@ fi
 undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
 ])# PGAC_XSAVE_INTRINSICS

+# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+# -----------------------------
+# Check if the compiler supports AVX2 in attribute((target))
+# and using AVX2 intrinsics in those functions
+#
+# If the intrinsics are supported, sets pgac_avx2_support.
+AC_DEFUN([PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT],
+[define([Ac_cachevar], [AS_TR_SH([pgac_cv_avx2_support])])dnl
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for AVX2 support], [Ac_cachevar],
+[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <immintrin.h>
+    #include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    #endif
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      const char buf@<:@sizeof(__m256i)@:>@;
+      __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+	  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+      int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+      return (int) result;
+    }],
+  [return avx2_test();])],
+  [Ac_cachevar=yes],
+  [Ac_cachevar=no])])
+if test x"$Ac_cachevar" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
+])# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+
 # PGAC_AVX512_POPCNT_INTRINSICS
 # -----------------------------
 # Check if the compiler supports the AVX-512 popcount instructions using the
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 39c68161cec..54da05ac0db 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -17608,6 +17608,58 @@ $as_echo "#define HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS 1" >>confdefs.h

fi

+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for AVX2 support" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for AVX2 support... " >&6; }
+if ${pgac_cv_avx2_support+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
+/* end confdefs.h.  */
+#include <immintrin.h>
+    #include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    #endif
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      const char buf[sizeof(__m256i)];
+      __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+	  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+      int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+      return (int) result;
+    }
+int
+main ()
+{
+return avx2_test();
+  ;
+  return 0;
+}
+_ACEOF
+if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO"; then :
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=yes
+else
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=no
+fi
+rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext \
+    conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&5
+$as_echo "$pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&6; }
+if test x"$pgac_cv_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+
+$as_echo "#define USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK 1" >>confdefs.h
+
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for AVX-512 popcount intrinsics
 #
 if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 066e3976c0a..2c484a12671 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -2118,6 +2118,15 @@ if test x"$pgac_xsave_intrinsics" = x"yes"; then
   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS, 1, [Define to 1 if you have XSAVE intrinsics.])
 fi

+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT()
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK, 1, [Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check.])
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for AVX-512 popcount intrinsics
 #
 if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index ab8101d67b2..ff42c41ca7e 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -2289,6 +2289,34 @@ int main(void)

endif

+###############################################################
+# Check for the availability of AVX2 support
+###############################################################
+
+if host_cpu == 'x86_64'
+
+  prog = '''
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+__attribute__((target("avx2")))
+#endif
+int main(void)
+{
+  const char buf[sizeof(__m256i)];
+  __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+  int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+  return (int) result;
+}
+'''
+
+  if cc.links(prog, name: 'AVX2 support', args: test_c_args)
+    cdata.set('USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK', 1)
+  endif
+
+endif
+

 ###############################################################
 # Check for the availability of AVX-512 popcount intrinsics.
diff --git a/src/include/pg_config.h.in b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
index c4dc5d72bdb..987f9b5c77c 100644
--- a/src/include/pg_config.h.in
+++ b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
@@ -675,6 +675,9 @@
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 CRC algorithms with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_CRC32C_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK

+/* Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check. */
+#undef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 popcount instructions with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_POPCNT_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK

diff --git a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h b/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
index da87d61ba52..82e525529f4 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
@@ -101,12 +101,14 @@
  */

#include "storage/bufpage.h"
+#include "pg_config.h"

/* number of checksums to calculate in parallel */
#define N_SUMS 32
/* prime multiplier of FNV-1a hash */
#define FNV_PRIME 16777619

+
 /* Use a union so that this code is valid under strict aliasing */
 typedef union
 {
@@ -142,74 +144,20 @@ do { \
  * Block checksum algorithm.  The page must be adequately aligned
  * (at least on 4-byte boundary).
  */
-static uint32
-pg_checksum_block(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
-{
-	uint32		sums[N_SUMS];
-	uint32		result = 0;
-	uint32		i,
-				j;
-
-	/* ensure that the size is compatible with the algorithm */
-	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
-
-	/* initialize partial checksums to their corresponding offsets */
-	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
-
-	/* main checksum calculation */
-	for (i = 0; i < (uint32) (BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
-		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
-			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
-
-	/* finally add in two rounds of zeroes for additional mixing */
-	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
-		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
-			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
-
-	/* xor fold partial checksums together */
-	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
-		result ^= sums[i];
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Compute the checksum for a Postgres page.
- *
- * The page must be adequately aligned (at least on a 4-byte boundary).
- * Beware also that the checksum field of the page is transiently zeroed.
- *
- * The checksum includes the block number (to detect the case where a page is
- * somehow moved to a different location), the page header (excluding the
- * checksum itself), and the page data.
- */
-uint16
-pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
-{
-	PGChecksummablePage *cpage = (PGChecksummablePage *) page;
-	uint16		save_checksum;
-	uint32		checksum;
-
-	/* We only calculate the checksum for properly-initialized pages */
-	Assert(!PageIsNew((Page) page));
-
-	/*
-	 * Save pd_checksum and temporarily set it to zero, so that the checksum
-	 * calculation isn't affected by the old checksum stored on the page.
-	 * Restore it after, because actually updating the checksum is NOT part of
-	 * the API of this function.
-	 */
-	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
-	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
-	checksum = pg_checksum_block(cpage);
-	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = save_checksum;
-
-	/* Mix in the block number to detect transposed pages */
-	checksum ^= blkno;
-
-	/*
-	 * Reduce to a uint16 (to fit in the pd_checksum field) with an offset of
-	 * one. That avoids checksums of zero, which seems like a good idea.
-	 */
-	return (uint16) ((checksum % 65535) + 1);
-}
+#define PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(ISANAME) \
+uint32 \
+pg_checksum_block_##ISANAME(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+
+#define PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(ISANAME) \
+pg_attribute_target(#ISANAME) \
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_##ISANAME(const PGChecksummablePage *page) \
+
+/* Declare ISA implementations (declarations only in header) */
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(avx2);
+#endif
+PG_DECLARE_CHECKSUM_ISA(default);
+
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_dispatch(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+extern uint32 (*pg_checksum_block)(const PGChecksummablePage *page);
+extern uint16 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno);
diff --git a/src/port/Makefile b/src/port/Makefile
index 4274949dfa4..27423f1058b 100644
--- a/src/port/Makefile
+++ b/src/port/Makefile
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ OBJS = \
 	pg_numa.o \
 	pg_popcount_aarch64.o \
 	pg_popcount_avx512.o \
+	pg_checksum_dispatch.o \
 	pg_strong_random.o \
 	pgcheckdir.o \
 	pgmkdirp.o \
diff --git a/src/port/meson.build b/src/port/meson.build
index fc7b059fee5..c4bbe9f2ece 100644
--- a/src/port/meson.build
+++ b/src/port/meson.build
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pgport_sources = [
   'pg_numa.c',
   'pg_popcount_aarch64.c',
   'pg_popcount_avx512.c',
+  'pg_checksum_dispatch.c',
   'pg_strong_random.c',
   'pgcheckdir.c',
   'pgmkdirp.c',
diff --git a/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c b/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..15f7b8af34f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * pg_checksum_dispatch.c
+ *        Holds the AVX2 pg_popcount() implementation.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2024-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *        src/port/pg_checksum_dispatch.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+#include "c.h"
+#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID) || defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE__CPUID) || defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
+
+/*
+ * Does CPUID say there's support for XSAVE instructions?
+ */
+static inline bool
+xsave_available(void)
+{
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID)
+	__get_cpuid(1, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUID)
+	__cpuid(exx, 1);
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[2] & (1 << 27)) != 0;       /* osxsave */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Does XGETBV say the YMM registers are enabled?
+ *
+ * NB: Caller is responsible for verifying that xsave_available() returns true
+ * before calling this.
+ */
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+pg_attribute_target("xsave")
+#endif
+static inline bool
+ymm_regs_available(void)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+	return (_xgetbv(0) & 0x06) == 0x06;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Does CPUID say there's support for AVX-2
+ */
+static inline bool
+avx2_available(void)
+{
+#if defined (USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK) && defined(__x86_64__)
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+	if (!xsave_available() || !ymm_regs_available()) return false;
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+	__get_cpuid_count(7, 0, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+	__cpuidex(exx, 7, 0);
+#else
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[1] & (1 << 5)) != 0; /* avx2 */
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/* default checksum implementation */
+PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(default)
+{
+	uint32 sums[N_SUMS], result = 0;
+	uint32 i, j;
+
+	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
+	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < (uint32)(BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
+		result ^= sums[i];
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+PG_DEFINE_CHECKSUM_ISA(avx2)
+{
+	uint32 sums[N_SUMS], result = 0;
+	uint32 i, j;
+
+	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
+	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < (uint32)(BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
+		result ^= sums[i];
+
+	return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Function pointer - external linkage (declared extern in header) */
+uint32 (*pg_checksum_block)(const PGChecksummablePage *page) = pg_checksum_block_dispatch;
+
+/* Dispatch function: simple, safe */
+uint32 pg_checksum_block_dispatch(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
+{
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+	if (avx2_available())
+	{
+		/* optional: patch pointer so next call goes directly */
+		pg_checksum_block = pg_checksum_block_avx2;
+		return pg_checksum_block_avx2(page);
+	}
+#endif
+	/* fallback */
+	pg_checksum_block = pg_checksum_block_default;
+	return pg_checksum_block_default(page);
+}
+
+
+/* Compute checksum for a Postgres page */
+uint16 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
+{
+	PGChecksummablePage *cpage = (PGChecksummablePage *) page;
+	uint16 save_checksum;
+	uint32 checksum;
+
+	Assert(!PageIsNew((Page) page));
+
+	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
+	checksum = pg_checksum_block(cpage);
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = save_checksum;
+
+	checksum ^= blkno;
+	return (uint16)((checksum % 65535) + 1);
+}
-- 
2.43.0

From: Andrew kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>

---
contrib/meson.build | 1 +
contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build | 23 +++++++++++++
.../pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql | 8 +++++
contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++
.../pg_checksum_bench.control | 4 +++
.../sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql | 17 ++++++++++
6 files changed, 87 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql

diff --git a/contrib/meson.build b/contrib/meson.build
index ed30ee7d639..fe5149aadff 100644
--- a/contrib/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/meson.build
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ contrib_doc_args = {
   'install_dir': contrib_doc_dir,
 }

+subdir('pg_checksum_bench')
 subdir('amcheck')
 subdir('auth_delay')
 subdir('auto_explain')
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..32ccd9efa0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+pg_checksum_bench_sources = files(
+  'pg_checksum_bench.c',
+)
+
+if host_system == 'windows'
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources += rc_lib_gen.process(win32ver_rc, extra_args: [
+    '--NAME', 'pg_checksum_bench',
+    '--FILEDESC', 'pg_checksum_bench',])
+endif
+
+pg_checksum_bench = shared_module('pg_checksum_bench',
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources,
+  kwargs: contrib_mod_args,
+)
+contrib_targets += pg_checksum_bench
+
+install_data(
+  'pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql',
+  'pg_checksum_bench.control',
+  kwargs: contrib_data_args,
+)
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f13cbe3c5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/* contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+-- \echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION drive_pg_checksum(page_count int)
+	RETURNS pg_catalog.void
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f40f335ff59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
+
+#define REPEATS 1000000
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(drive_pg_checksum);
+Datum
+drive_pg_checksum(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int page_count = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
+
+	PGChecksummablePage * pages = palloc(page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage));
+	srand(0);
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage); i++){
+		char * byte_ptr = (char *) pages;
+		byte_ptr[i] = rand() % 256;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < REPEATS; i++){
+		const PGChecksummablePage * test_page = pages + (i % page_count);
+		volatile uint32 result = pg_checksum_block(test_page);
+		(void) result;
+	}
+
+	pfree((void *) pages);
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a4e2c9363c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+comment = 'pg_checksum benchmark'
+default_version = '1.0'
+module_pathname = '$libdir/pg_checksum_bench'
+relocatable = true
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4b347699953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench;
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(-1);
+
+\timing on
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(2);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(4);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(8);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(16);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(32);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(64);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(128);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(256);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1024);
-- 
2.43.0

On Thu, Sep 11, 2025 at 1:55 PM root <tenistarkim@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks for the feedback. This is v5 of the patchset, updated following your comments:

- Moved the function pointer definitions out of common headers and
into src/port, consistent with existing practice.

There is no attachment in this thread, so it's not showing up in the
commitfest entry (which will need to be moved to next open
commitfest), so it's not getting CI testing:

https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5726/

Note that the whole series must be attached in a single email, or it
won't get automated testing.

--
John Naylor
Amazon Web Services

On Tue, Sep 23, 2025 at 11:32 PM John Naylor johncnaylorls@gmail.com wrote:

There is no attachment in this thread, so it's not showing up in the
commitfest entry (which will need to be moved to next open
commitfest), so it's not getting CI testing:

https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5726/

Note that the whole series must be attached in a single email, or it
won't get automated testing.

Thanks, John. I see the issue now — I’ll attach the entire patch
series in a single email so it shows up properly in the commitfest and
gets CI coverage.

Please find attached v6 of the patchset, updated per your feedback.

Best regards,
Andrew Kim